64 Cooking and restaurants boil A Ways of cooking food NOTE Food which is not cooked is raw. a boil: in water, e.g. potatoes or rice fry: in oil or butter above the heat, e.g. sausages grill: under the heat, e.g. toast or meat roast: in the oven using oil, e.g. meat bake: in the oven without oil, e.g. cakes How would you like your steak? roast/bake Rare (= cooked quickly and red inside); medium-rare (= cooked longer but still red in the middle); medium (= cooked more and pink); or well-done. (= cooked longer and not pink) What does it taste like? Taste the sauce (= try a bit to see if it's good) and add salt if necessary You can really taste the garlic in this. gooaj arm auu sdu u n^w*"*/-It's very tasty. (= lots of flavour; a positive word) Describing food and drink salty: lots of salt hot/spicy: lots of spices, e.g. curry, chilli sweet: lots of sugar (opp bitter, e.g. very strong coffee, or sour, e.g. lemons) fresh: recently produced or picked, e.g. fresh bread, fresh fruit fattening: food which makes you put on weight/get fat, e.g. cream, cakes, etc. healthy: good for your health/fitness, e.g. salad or fruit chilled (= very cold), e.g. white wine is usually chilled still: describes water without gas; sparkling is water with gas (also called fizzy water) E A typical menu ^„J/ed'juty/-kww 64.1 64.2 64.4 130 English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate & intermediate) Exercises Do you often eat the following food in your country? If so, do you eat it in the same way? Example In Britain, often tot fi'sk' tot not usually ' muJ -fisk'. raw fish fried eggs roast beef roast peppers grilled cheese fried rice baked potatoes raw spinach boiled eggs baked bananas Look at the menu on the opposite page again, and answer these questions. 1 Which starter doesn't contain vegetables? CLrilW spicy prawns 2 Which dish contains pasta? 3 Which main course may be rare or well-done? 4 Which main course is definitely cooked in the oven? 5 Which main course will probably be quite spicy? 6 Which main course contains alcohol? 7 Which dessert(s) will be quite sweet? 8 If you don't want to put on weight, which would probably be the best dish for the main course? 64.3 Choose an adjective from the opposite page which could describe these things. adjective adjective honey lemon bread cakes bacon fillet steak mineral water coffee Answer these questions about the food you like, and eating in your country. If possible, ask another person the same questions. 1 Do you eat steak? If so, how do you like it cooked? 2 Do you like hot spicy food? 3 In restaurants, do you normally drink still or sparkling water? 4 Do waiters normally leave fresh bread on the table? 5 Do you normally eat a starter, main course and dessert when you eat out? 6 How many of these do you normally find on the table in a cafe or restaurant in your country? salt YES/NO pepper YES/NO oil YES/NO vinegar YES/NO toothpicks YES/NO napkins YES/NO 7 Generally, do you add more salt to your food when you eat in cafes or restaurants? 8 Do you think that food in your country is generally quite fattening? English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate & intermediate) 13 I Food and drink a fillet of beef veal cutlets veal escalopes a shoulder of veal lamb chops a shoulder of mutton a leg of pork pork sausages calf s liver calf's heart calf s foot lamb's brains sheep's head pig's kidney pig's blood Note that the pig is also responsible for providing us with cured and smoked meat: ham, gammon and bacon. Poultry These are birds which can be eaten but are not hunted with a shotgun. Read the questions and select or write the appropriate answer for each of them. 1 Which of these five birds is white in the northern hemisphere but can be black in Australia? a chicken b turkey c swan d goose e duck 2 What is eaten with each of the above types of poultry in your country? Game Game is the group name for the wild animals and birds which are hunted and then eaten (rabbits, hares etc). Select or write an answer for each question. 1 One of these meats is not from a bird. Which is it? a pheasant b venison c partridge d pigeon e grouse 2 How popular is this type of food in your country? 3 Should shooting game as a sport be encouraged or discouraged? Fish Read the questions and select the appropriate answer(s) for each of them. 1 Which of these would you describe as white fish and which is oily? a sole b cod c plaice d trout e haddock f salmon g eel h mackerel i herring 2 Some of the above fish are freshwater fish, that is to say they spend all or most of their life in a river. Some are sea fish. Underline the freshwater fish. 3 Ring your favourites in the list of fish in question 1. Then select how you like each of them cooked. a grilled b fried c baked d smoked e in a sauce f in a soup g in a stew 4 One of these is not an example of shellfish (seafood). Which one? a crab b lobster c shrimp d prawn e oyster f cockle g mussel h kipper Cereals and grasses Match the list of cereals 1- 6 with statements a - f. 1 wheat 2 maize 3 rye 4 barley 5 oats 6 rice a Most porridge is made of it. It is also used to feed horses, b It is the staple diet in the East. c It provides corn on the cob, a lot of cornflour, and American whisky. d It is used to make black bread, cattle feed and some kinds of American whisky. e It is used a lot in brewing and soups and malt is made from it. f It is used to make white bread and most pasta. Food and drink Pasta Talking of pasta, below are a few of the approximately thirty types that are most commonly eaten. Ring those that you like most. a spaghetti Herbs and spices b macaroni c noodles d ravioli e lasagne Which of these herbs do you like to use in your cooking? What sort of food do you use them with? 1 garlic 2 marjoram 3 mint 4 parsley 5 rosemary 6 sage 7 thyme 8 bay leaf 9 Oregano Which of these spices would you find it difficult to live without? 1 black or white pepper 2 cayenne pepper 3 vanilla 4 ginger 5 nutmeg 6 cinnamon 7 pimento (paprika) 8 chilli |3| Do you agree that if the ingredients of the meal have the proper taste you don't need all that seasoning? What our food contains Look at the advertisement on the next page, which lists for you some of the elements in the food we eat, for example protein, carbohydrates etc. Ask yourself how much you eat of each in a typical day's diet. Food in general \l\ Write or discuss the answers to these questions. 1 How careful are you about having a well-balanced or a calorie-controlled diet? 2 How healthy do you think healthfoods really are? 3 We should all 'eat, drink and be merry'. Do you agree? 4 What (in detail) are your favourite restaurant meals at about these prices-a £2.50? (cheap) b £5.00? (quite reasonable) c £10?(average) d £20 - 25? (expensive) W\ Write or act out a conversation with a waiter. You are ordering one of the meals you listed above. Remember the sort of restaurant you're in and be prepared to choose an alternative if what you ask for is unavailable. [3] Write a page from your diary. It is the fifteenth day that you have been on a really strict diet. 1^1 Write, in dialogue form, a conversation between a butcher and a regular customer who does not find any of the meat in the window particularly attractive or good value. 88 89 r^m ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT WORKSHF.ET- @ Read the text and fill in the missing words productive necessary wood developed emissions transport expressed O Calculate your own ecological footprint measure An ecological footprint shows how much productive land you need to lead your lifestyle. This includes your consumption of food,_(1), and fibres. The ecological footprint also reflects where you live, how much energy and fuel you need, what means of_(2) you use. Pollution, such as carbon dioxide_(3), is also counted as part of the footprint. The larger your footprint is, the more resources are ____ (4) to support your lifestyle. The ecological footprint is_(5) in global hectares (gha) or acres. 1 gha = 2.47 acres. Globally, there are about 1.8 hectares of_(6) area per person, but the average ecological footprint is already 2.3 hectares. The Ecological Footprint Quiz was (7) in 2002 with Earth Day Network to provide a simple way for people to _(8) their impact on the earth. Q Answer the following questions in pairs 1. Do you have an ecological footprint? 2. Does what you wear impact on your global footprint? 3. What does it mean if you have a large ecological footprint? 4. What is the average ecological footprint today? 5. How large do you think your footprint is? Is it above or below the average? Points Total Food Footprint 1 2 Goods and Services Footprint 3 4 Housing Footprint 5 6 7 Mobility Footprint 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 Ecological Footprint Adapted from: http://www.earthday.net O Try to work out each country's average ecological footprint per person 4.8 gha 9.57 gha 0.5 gha 7.7 gha 1.5gha 3.1 gha 0.8 gha 4.7 gha United States Nigeria China Czech Republic Chile Austria Bangladesh Australia Ecological Footprint Quiz - Q You and your partner have half the footprint data each. Use them for discussion so you can complete the table Ex. 3 after you have filled in all 13 boxes, add up your total ecological footprint. 2. Food Footprint 10. Mobility Footprint Eating processed, packaged and imported food: Number of km travelled by car/motorbike/b js each week - • Most of the food 1 eat is processed, packaged, and from far away 0.5 points as a driver or passenger: • more than 500 8 points • Three quarters 0.4 points • 300-500 4 points • Half 0.3 points • 150-300 2 points 8 One quarter 0.2 points • 50-150 1 points • Most of the food 1 eat is unprocessed, unpackaged and locally grown 0.1 points • 2-50 • 0 0.3 points 0 points 4. Goods and Services Footprint Waste you generate compared to people in your neighbourhood: 12. Mobility Footprint Your car consumption per 100 kilometres: • Much less 0.3 points • Fewer than 4.5 litres 0 points • About the same 1 points • 4.5-6.5 litres 0.1 points • Much more 3 points • 6.5-9 litres • 9-15 litres 1 points 2 points 6. Housing Footprint • More than 15 litres 4 points Number of people in your household: • 1 6 points • 2 2.5 points • 3 0.6 points • 4 0.5 points • 5 0.4 points • 6 0.2 points • 7 0.1 points 8. Mobility Footprint Travelling on public transport each week (bus, train, underground): • More than 300 km 4 points • 100-300 km 2 points • 50-100 km 0.6 points • 1-50 km 0.3 points • 0 km 0 points 0 Global Issues Noun suffixes Verb + noun suffix 7. i verb suffix noun improve (= get better) govern (= control affairs of a city or country) manage (= direct or control a business) elect (= choose somebody by voting) discuss (= talk about something seriously) inform (= tell someone something) jog (= running to keep fit or for pleasure) spell (e.g. S-P-E-L-L) -ment -ion -ation -ing improvement government management election discussion information jogging spelling There has been a big improvement in the economy. Who do you think will win The problems are due to bad management. I'm not very good at spellin Adjective + noun suffix adjective suffix noun weak (opp strong) happy ill (= sick/not well) stupid (opp intelligent, clever) active similar (= almost the same; opp different) -ness -ity weakness happiness illness stupidity activity similarity We have a weak government. She was ill for a long time. The two boys are quite similar. What's her main weakness as a manager? Hepatitis is a very serious illness. There is a similarity between all three sons. Pronunciation Adding a suffix to a verb or adjective may change the pronunciation. 7.3 7.4 verb noun adjective noun educate education similar similarity advertise advertisement stupid stupidity 7.5 D -er/-or and -ist These suffixes can be added to nouns or verbs. They often describe people and jobs. -er -er -or -ist ballet dancer pop singer murderer (= person) who kills someone) bus driver shop manager professional footballer employer television actor film director translator computer operator artist, e.g. Picasso economist psychologist journalist Exercises Complete the tables and mark the stress on each word. The last two in each column are not on the opposite page, but do you know or can you guess the noun formed from them? verb noun adjective educate .................................... stupid improve .................................... happy jog .................................... weak govern .................................... similar spell .................................... active hesitate .................................... sad arrange .................................... popular 7.2 Combine words on the left with the correct suffix on the right to complete the text. improve televise weak govern elect educate manage stupid -ment -ity -ness -ion -ation In his first broadcast on (1) ...Wwisiai.................since he won the (2).....................................last month, the Prime Minister promised to make health and (3).....................................his top two priorities. And in a strong attack on the previous (4)....................................., he said that the present (5).....................................of the British economy was caused by their (6)..................................... and bad (7)......................................He said things were going to change, and he hoped the British people would be able to see a big (8).....................................in the economy by the end of the year. Write down the name of the person who does these things as a job. 1 drive .................. 3 act.................................. 5 economics 2 translate..................................... 4 psychology.................................. 6 football...... Match words from left and right to find the names of eight jobs. dancer pop shop film computer bus child ballet professional psychologist singer operator footballer manager driver director Complete the definitions below. 1 An employer is a person or company that . fespfffl,?. 2 A murderer is a person who.................................................................. 3 A bank manager is a person who....................................................... 4 A television actor is a person who..................................................... 5 A translator is a person who................................................................. 6 A lorry driver is a person who............................................................. 7 A journalist is a person who.................................................................. 8 An artist such as Picasso is a person who..................................... 16 English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate & intermediate) English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate & intermediate) I 7 Adjective suffixes A Noun or verb + suffix noun or verb suffix adjectives danger, fame -ous dangerous, famous (= known by lots of people) music, politics, emotion, economics, industry -al musical, political, emotional (= have or show strong feelings), economical (= saves you money), industrial (= connected with industry and factories) cloud, sun, fog, dirt -y cloudy, sunny, foggy, dirty (opp clean) attract, create -ive attractive (= pretty, good-looking); creative (= ability to produce new ideas; with imagination) The roads were dangerous this morning: it was foggy and I couldn't see far. He was very emotional when he said 'goodbye'. Did you buy a diesel car because it's more economical than petrol? I'm afraid you'll have to clean the floor - it's very dirty. -able This common suffix creates adjectives from nouns and verbs: an enjoyable evening a comfortable chair Jeans are still fashionable. suitable (= right/correct for a situation), e.g. A grey suit is very suitable for a wedding. Sometimes -able means 'can be done': washable (= can be washed), e.g. Is this jacket washable? reliable (= can be trusted), e.g. I've never had a problem with the car - it's very reliable. Words ending -able quite often express the opposite meaning with the prefix un-: unsuitable (= not right/correct for a situation), e.g. Jeans are unsuitable for weddings, unbreakable (= cannot be broken), e.g. The glass in the shop window is unbreakable. Words ending -ible sometimes add the prefix in- to form an opposite: incomprehensible (= cannot be understood), e.g. This street map is incomprehensible, invisible (= cannot be seen), e.g. Trees surround the house, so it's invisible from the road. -ful and -less -ful often means 'full of or 'having the quality of the noun': careful (= doing sth with care and attention), e.g. careful driver helpful (= able to help), e.g. Her advice was very helpful, painful (= giving pain), e.g. It was painful when I hit my hand, useful (= has a lot of use), e.g. I found it a useful book, thoughtful (= kind and thinks of others) -less often means 'without': careless (= without care, and causing mistakes), e.g. His work is full of careless mistakes, useless (= without use and often terrible), e.g. This knife is useless - it won't cut anything, homeless (= with nowhere to live), e.g. Many families are homeless because of the war. painful thoughtful 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Exercises Write an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs. Cover the opposite page first. danger (ku\^imjs attract create cloud suit use 7 8 9 10 11 12 care thought politics enjoy pain dirt 13 14 15 16 17 18 sun music comfort fame rely emotion Fill the gaps with suitable adjectives from the opposite page. 1 You must be very ........................when you drive in wet weather. 2 Everyone in my country has heard of her; she's very..................................... The tourist information office was very....................................., and told us everything we needed to know. This is a very.....................................road, you know. There were three serious accidents on it last year. It was very.....................................when I hit my leg against the corner of that table. This bag is very.....................................: I take it to work and when I go on holiday. We've never had problems with our TV in ten years; it's been very..................................... The factory is in the.....................................part of the city, and it's not very attractive. A 100 gram bag is 80 pence, but the 200 gram bag is only £1.20, so it's more .....................................to buy the larger bag. It's terrible that there are so many.....................................people in a country that is so rich. Teenagers want to be....................................., and wear all the latest styles. I can't understand a word of these instructions - they're..................................... 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix -less} 1 wonderful 2 useful 3 awful 4 careful 5 beautiful What are the opposites of the other words (the ones without -less)} Match adjectives from the left with the most suitable nouns from the right. homeless famous actor bed careless useful party mistake comfortable cloudy advice area industrial enjoyable family morning From the adjectives on the opposite page, choose two or three which could describe each of these people or things. (You can use the same adjective more than once.) 1 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart {bwoos, uiohJt, musical / 2 the weather j »7 TJJ^3')/7 3 someone's driving 4 an area of a city 5 a car 6 yourself 18 English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate & intermediate) English Vocabulary in Use (pre-inlermediale & intermediate) 19 Suffixes Exercises NOTE The informal suffix -ish can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less precise, e.g. She's thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about eightish. Common noun suffixes -er hi is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, painter, worker, shopper, teacher. You can use -er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns. Sometimes the -er suffix is written as -or (it is still pronounced hi). It is worth making a special list of these as you meet them, e.g. actor, operator, sailor, supervisor. -er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. pencil-sharpener, bottle-opener, grater, projector. -er and -ee (pronounced Hi/) can contrast with each other meaning 'person who does something' (-er) and 'person who receives or experiences the action' (-ee) employer/employee /emptaij'i:/, sender/addressee, payee (e.g. of a cheque). -(t)ion/-sion/-ion are used to form nouns from verbs, e.g. complication pollution reduction alteration donation promotion admission -ist [a person] and -ism [an activity or ideology]: used for people's politics, beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes their profession (compare with -er/-or professions above), e.g. Buddhism, journalism, Marxist, typist, physicist, terrorist. -ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist, cellist -ness is used to make nouns from adjectives: goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness. Note what happens to adjectives that end in -y. Adjective suffixes -able/-ible hbll with verbs, means 'can be done': drinkable washable readable forgivable edible [can be eaten] flexible |can be bent] Verbs -ise (or -ize) forms verbs from adjectives, e.g. modernise [make modern], commercialise, industrialise. Other suffixes that can help you recognise the word-class -ment: (nouns) excitement enjoyment replacement -ity: (nouns) flexibility productivity scarcity -hood: (abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood motherhood -ship: (abstract nouns especially status) friendship partnership membership -ive: (adjectives) passive productive active -al: (adjectives) brutal legal (nouns) refusal arrival -ous: (adjectives) delicious outrageous furious -fill: (adjectives) forgetful hopeful useful -less: (adjectives) useless harmless homeless -ify: (verbs) beautify purify terrify 1 When you are recording a new word in your vocabulary notebook, write any suffixes that go with it (e.g. refuse - refusal). 8.1 Use the -er/-or, -ee and -ist suffixes to make the names of the following. If you need to use a dictionary, try looking up the words in bold. Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano, a jo2z pia/usf 1 The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen. 2 A person who plays classical violin. 3 A person who takes professional photographs. (N.B. pronunciation) 4 A person who acts in amateur theatre. 5 The person to whom a cheque is paid. 6 A machine for washing dishes. 7 A person who donates their organs upon their death. 8 The person to whom a letter is addressed. 8.2 Each picture is of an object ending in -er. Can you name them? 8.4 8.5 8.3 List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.g. pilot, film star) Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both? 1 a cooker 3 a ticket-holder 5 a cleaner 7 a drinker 2 a typewriter 4 a CD player 6 a smoker 8 a dresser Compete each of the second sentences by changing the words underlined in the first sentences. Use a suffix from the left-hand page and m ake any spelling changes needed. 1 Most of his crimes can be forgiven. Most of his crimes are........................... 2 The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes. The Club refuses..........................to anyone not wearing shoes. 3 Her only fault is that she is lazy. Her only fault is........................... 4 This firm has produced a lot in recent years. This firm has been very..........................in recent years. 5 I found the book very easy and pleasant to read. 1 found the book very........................... 8.6 Can you think of anything in your country which should be nationalised (e.g. airlines), privatised, standardised, modernised, computerised or centralised ? 8.7 Which word is the odd one out in each group and why? 1 brotherhood neighbourhood manhood priesthood 2 tearful spiteful dreadful handful 3 appointment involvement compliment arrangement 4 worship kinship friendship partnership 18 English Vocabulary in Use (Upper-intermediate) English Vocabulary in Use (Upper-intermediate) 19 news item 34: ENDANGERED SPECIES A worldwide campaign has been launched to save scores of animals from the brink of extinction and to preserve their habitats. A quarter of all living species on the planet could be extinct within the next 50 years, as ecosystems are destroyed. To prevent this from happening, millions of dollars have been raised and allocated to various conservation projects to protect threatened wildlife and slow the reduction in the diversity of living things. In the case of the Javanese Rhinoceros, a very rare mammal as there are only about SO in Indonesia, reserves have been established. Another method often used to enlarge the numbers is captive breeding. From the remaining 30 representatives of the Arabian Oryx, an antelope hunted to near extinction, 700 animals were raised in captivity and later returned to their natural habitat. Birds of prey are also on the decline. This has been accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting places. Pesticides and herbicides in their food cause sterility, malformation and mass deaths. Eagles, falcons and condors are now being provided with uncontaminated food and their breeding cycles are being monitored. The fact that, at the moment, there are fewer than 40 Califomian Condors shows how urgently the help is needed. Many countries have joined in banning both the killing of endangered animals and the trading in the articles for which they are killed. Elephants, slaughtered for ivory, and polar bears, shot for their fur, now have some chance of survival, due to the coordinated efforts of many organizations which are urging governments to outlaw their exploitation. To stop the trading in the skins of the tiger, cheetah, jaguar and snow leopard, people are being discouraged from buying furs. Among other animals which are mercilessly hunted are whales, walruses, sea turtles and seals. Also drift-netting - called the most destructive fishing technology ever devised by man - and overfishing are taking a heavy toll on marine life. Only by providing safe sea and land sanctuaries will we succeed in saving these species from extinction. This should be the moral obligation of every human being. for related vocabulary go to page 170, 172, for discussion topics go to page 288. ■core* (n) - a great many - stovky, spousta habitat (n) - natural place oi living - přirozené prostředí, domov allocate (v) -put lor a purpose - přidělit (peníze) diversity (n) - variety - pestrost, rozmanitost reserve (n) - area put aside lor a particular purpose - přírodní rezervace breeding (n) -reproduction of animals - odchov decline (n) - continuing loss ot something■— klesajíc! počet, úbytek accelarate (v) - speed up - urychlit sterility (n) - inability to reproduce - neplodnost monitor (v) - check - monitorovat, sledovat slaughter (n) - killing - vraždení, zabíjení outlaw (v) - make unlawful prohibit - postavit mimo zákon exploitation (n) - using selfishly for one's own profit - zneužívání mercilessly (adv) - showing no mercy - nemilosrdně, neúprosně, bezohledně drift-netting (n) - fishing technique in which nets are carried by the current - loveni do síti sanctuary (n) - area where, by law, it is forbidden to hunt- rezervace EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story: (answer - page 323.) SAVE - EXTINCTION - FROM - CAMPAIGN - INTERNATIONAL - TO - ENDANGERED - CALL - FOR - SPECIES EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: 1. How serious is the situation of some species? 2. What methods of saving some animals from extinction are used in the most dramatic cases? 3. What can be done if the natural habitat is polluted? 4. Why must the campaign be a coordinated international effort? EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word: - na hranici vymření - o_the b_ - shromáždit peníze - r_m_ - vychovat v zajetí - r_in c_ - draví ptáci - b_of p_ - dodat nejedovatou potravu - p_ - mít šanci na přežití - h_a c_ - zkoordinované úsilí - c_e_ - odradit od nákupu - d_ of e of s - kdykoliv vymyšlené člověkem - e_ - sbírat bohatou úrodu -1 a h ~ _bym_ for translation practice go to page 260. TV W cf 53.«£ p is fW, befew v fWesst IKflf 39HB1 1 Underline the most suitable word or phrase. a) The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides. b) After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles. c) During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley. d) A small river/stream/torrent runs across the bottom of our garden. e) It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high. f) From the peak/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea. g) You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand. h) In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap. i) I think it's going to rain. It's very clouded!clouding!cloudy. j) The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder: 2 Complete each sentence (a-j) with one of the endings (1-10). Use each ending once. a) A large green snake.........5......... b) A small brown duck..................... c) A large black and yellow wasp..................... d) A shiny green crab..................... e) An enormous black spider..................... f) A bright green frog..................... g) A black and white puppy..................... h) A herd of cattle..................... i) A dirty black lamb..................... ]) A small ginger kitten..................... 1 was spinning its web across the window. 2 was plodding across the field, mooing loudly. 3 was buzzing around the jar of honey on the table. 4 was sitting on a branch and miaowing. 5 was slithering across the floor towards me. 6 was sitting on a leaf and croaking. 7 was following the flock, baaing softly. 8 was swimming on the pond and quacking loudly. 9 was barking furiously outside the gate. 10 was pinching Fiona's toe as she stood on the seashore. VOCABULARY 11 THE NATURAL WORLD 3 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once only. forest leaves plant seeds trunk lawn peel roots stone twig a) We cut down the tree but then we had to dig up its.........TQ8f$.......... b) The road goes through a beautiful pine........................... c) When Tom was eating a cherry, he accidentally swallowed the d) In autumn, these paths are covered in fallen........................... e) Who is going to cut the..........................while I am away? f) We bought Diana a beautiful indoor..........................for her birthday. g) A tree fell, and its massive..........................blocked the road. h) Harry buys..........................and grows all his own vegetables. i) The bird was carrying a..........................to build its nest. j) Some people like eating orange........................... 4 Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) The dog..................its tail furiously when it saw the children. A) shook B) wagged C) moved D) rubbed b) A large.....................of the tree broke off in the storm. A) trunk B) bark C) twig D) branch c) There was field after field of golden.....................waving in the wind. A) corn B) bushes C) grass D) herbs d) Before railways were built, many goods were carried on....................... A) channels B) water C) canals D) river e) The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy....................... A) mountain B) cliff C) stone D) slope f) What kind of.....................is your dog? A) breed B) race C) mark D) family g) Some wild animals will become.....................if they get used to people. A) peaceful B) tame C) organised D) petty h) There's a.....................of blackbirds at the bottom of the garden. A) house B) home C) cage D) nest i) Many people are interested in watching....................... A) wildlife B) wilds C) wilderness D) wildly j) You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by....................... A) lobsters B) geese C) cockroaches D) mosquitoes 251 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE VOCABULARY 11 THE NATURAL WORLD 5 Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. A pet parrot From early (1) Jane had always wanted a pet parrot. CHILD Her parents told her that a parrot was an (2) .....................pet, but Jane SUIT insisted. She was worried about the (3).....................of the DESTROY rainforests where parrots live, and she felt that parrots needed more (4).......................Her father argued that a parrot would suffer from PROTECT (5) .....................if it lived in a house. He also explained that pet LONELY parrots are caught by (6)....................., who need money and don't HUNT care about protecting species. 'They catch the parrots and send them to Europe in (7).....................boxes,' he told her. 'And in any case, WOOD parrots are very (8) .....................and don't make good pets.' Jane soon OBEY made an interesting (9)....................., however. She found a pet DISCOVER shop which bred parrots instead of importing them. So she took all her (10) .....................and bought a tiny parrot, which she called 'Pixie'. SAVE 6 Complete the compound word in each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once only. forecast hive house side top fountain hole mower skin sap a) There were so many mice we had to buy a mouse..HHP.............. b) Paula was cutting the grass with an electric lawn....................... c) There's a drinking.....................on the other side of the park. d) What's the weather.....................for tomorrow? e) The hill.....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers. f) You can see the mountain.....................among the clouds in the distance. g) At the end of the field was a large stone farm....................... h) We collect honey from our own bee....................... i) There's a rabbit.....................in the corner of this field. )) Martin was wearing imitation snake.....................boots. 7 Complete each sentence with one suitable word. a) I think this fruit juice has gone........$ff.........It smells funny. b) Mind..................... ! Our cat has very sharp claws! c) I keep my dog on a lead, but I let it .....................in the park. d) I like the idea of camping, but I am put.....................by the insects. e) Our dog never got used.....................sleeping in its kennel. f) I don't think I want to find.....................whether that bull has sharp horns! g) My puppy managed to tear.....................three of my school books. h) I've taken.....................going for long walks in the countryside. 8 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Pets If you decide to buy a pet, you should (1).........Q.........out as much as possible about the pet you (2) .......................Cats are easy to (3).....................after and seem to be (4)....................., but also need the company of people. If your cat finds someone who (5) .....................for it more than you do, it will change owners! A small puppy may look like a (6).....................pet, but don't forget that it will (7).....................up. You may not be able to (8) .....................up with a very large dog that is too big for its (9) .....................and which (10).....................on sleeping on your bed! Unless you (11).....................it, it may attack people, or (12).....................loudly day and night. Nobody loves a (13).....................pet. Perhaps this is why so many people (14) .....................in for birds or fish as pets. Whatever you decide in the (15)....................., think carefully before you make a decision. 1) A go B look C find D take 2) A choose B decide C take D do 3) A run B change Cfind D look 4) A singular B depended C independent D single 5) A feeds B cares Clooks D loves 6) A suited B suiting C suit D suitable 7) A grow B get C stand D buy 8) A stay B live C put D feed 9) A lodging B kennel C cupboard D box 10) A relies B insists C carries D concentrates 11) A train B learn C lesson D educate 12) A wag B quack C moo D bark 13) A disobey B disobeying C disobedient D disobeyed 14) A go B prefer C decide D take 15) A house B fact C first D end 2S2 253