Unit 98 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, for example: boring and bored. Study this example situation: Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She doesn't enjoy her job any more and would like to do something different. Jane's job is boring. Jane is bored (with her job). Exercises Unit 98 Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So: □ Jane is bored because her job is boring. □ Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored, {not Jane is boring) If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored: □ George always talks about the same things. He's really boring. Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed: boring, interesting. □ My job is | tiring, satisfying, depressing, etc. In these examples, the -ing adjective tells you about the job. Compare these examples: interesting □ Julia thinks politics is interesting. □ Did you meet anyone interesting at the party? surprising □ It was surprising that he passed the exam. disappointing □ The film was disappointing. We expected it to be much better. shocking □ The news was shocking. □ I'm bored with my job. □ I'm not interested in my job any more. □ I get very tired doing my job. □ I'm not satisfied with my job. □ My job makes me depressed, etc. In these examples, the -ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job). interested □ Julia is interested in politics. (not interesting in politics) □ Are you interested in buying a car? I'm trying to sell mine. surprised □ Everybody was surprised that he passed the exam. disappointed □ We were disappointed with the film. We expected it to be much better. shocked □ I was shocked when I heard the news. 98.1 Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets + -ing or -ed. 1 The film wasn't as good as we had expected, (disappoint...) a The film was.....^Mm'^m...... b We were . ....^.^Rpmtecl..... with the film. 2 Donna teaches young children. It's a very hard job, but she enjoys it. (exhaust...) a She enjoys her job, but it's often......................................................................... b At the end of a day's work, she is often......................................................................... 3 It's been raining all day. I hate this weather, (depress...) a This weather is......................................................................... b This weather makes me......................................................................... c It's silly to get........................................................................because of the weather. 4 Clare is going to Mexico next month. She has never been there before, (excit...) a It will be an........................................................................experience for her. b Going to new places is always........................................._.............................. c She is really........................................................................about going to Mexico. 98.2 Choose the correct word. 1 I was disappointing / disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better, (disappointed is correct) 2 Are you interesting / interested in football? 3 The football match was very exciting / excited. I enjoyed it. 4 It's sometimes embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money. 5 Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed? 6 I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered it. 7 She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing / astonished progress. 8 I didn't find the situation funny. I was not amusing / amused. 9 It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very shocking / shocked. 10 Why do you always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored? 11 He's one of the most boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never says anything interesting / interested. 98.3 Complete each sentence using a word from the box. amusing/amused confusing/confused exhausting/exhausted annoying/annoyed disgusting/disgusted interesting/interested boring/bored exciting/excited surprising/surprised 1 He works very hard. It's not.....suffiLsing.....that he's always tired. 2 I've got nothing to do. I'm......................................................................... 3 The teacher's explanation was......................................................................... Most of the students didn't understand it. 4 The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really......................................................................... 5 I seldom visit art galleries. I'm not particularly........................................................................in art. 6 There's no need to get........................................................................just because I'm a few minutes late. 7 The lecture was......................................................................... I fell asleep. 8 I've been working very hard all day and now I'm......................................................................... 9 I'm starting a new job next week. I'm very........................................................................about it. 10 Steve is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very......................................................................... 11 Liz is a very _......................................................................person. She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and she's done lots of different things. 197 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together: □ My brother lives in a nice new house. □ In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table. Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us factual information about age, size, colour etc. Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what somebody thinks of something or somebody. Exercises Unit 99 99.1 2 3 4 5 opinion fact summer holiday a nice long an interesting young man delicious hot vegetable soup a beautiful large round wooden table Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives together. Usually (but not always) we put fact adjectives in this order: 4 5 where — what is it NOUN from? made of? a tall young man (1 -* 2) a large wooden table (1 -* 5) big blue eyes (1 -> 3) an old Russian song (2 -* 4) a small black plastic bag (1 3 -* 5) an old white cotton shirt (2 -> 3 -* 5) Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide etc.): a large round table a tall thin girl a long narrow street When there are two or more colour adjectives, we use and: a black and white dress a red, white and green flag This does not usually happen with other adjectives before a noun: a long black dress (not a long and black dress) We use adjectives after be/get/become/seem: □ Be careful! □ I'm tired and I'm getting hungry. □ As the film went on, it became more and more boring. □ Your friend seems very nice. We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells; □ You look tired. / I feel tired. / She sounds tired. □ The dinner smells good. □ This tea tastes a bit strange. But to say how somebody does something you must use an adverb (see Units 100-101): □ Drive carefully! (not Drive careful) □ Susan plays the piano very well, (not plays ... very good) We say 'the first two days / the next few weeks / the last ten minutes' etc. : □ I didn't enjoy the first two days of the course, (not the two first days) □ They'll be away for the next few weeks, (not the few next weeks) Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position. 1 a beautiful table (wooden / round) .....^^^LmmL.m9.^...M:^... an unusual ring (gold) .................„................................................................................. an old house (beautiful) .................................................................................................... black gloves (leather) ..................................................................................................... an American film (old) ......................................................................................_............ 6 a long face (thin) .....................„..........................„.................................................. 7 big clouds (black) ..................................................................................................... 8 a sunny day (lovely) ..................................................................................................... 9 an ugly dress (yellow) ..................................................................................................... 10a wide avenue (long) ..................................................................................................... 11 a red car (old/little) ...........................,................................................................._..... 12 a new sweater (green / nice) ..................................................................................................... 13 a metal box (black / small) ............................................................._..................................... 14 a big cat (fat / black) ..................................................................................................... 15 a little village (old/lovely) .........„...........................................................................„..........._ 16 long hair (black / beautiful) ..................................................................................................... 17 an old painting (interesting / French) ...................................................................................................... 18 an enormous umbrella (red / yellow) ...................................................................................................... 99.2 Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective from the boxes. feel smell look sound -seetB-taste awful nice fine upset interesting wet 99.3 Adverbs -» Units 100-101 Comparison (cheaper etc.) Superlatives (cheapest etc.) -* Unit 108 ■ Units 105-107 1 Helen.....seerned,..upset..... tms morning. Do you know what was wrong? 2 I can't eat this. I've just tried it and it......................................................................... 3 I wasn't very well yesterday, but I........................................................................today. 4 What beautiful flowers! They........................................................................too. 5 You........................................................................Have you been out in the rain? 6 Jim was telling me about his new job. It.............................................................- much better than his old job. Put in the correct word. 1 This tea tastes a bit.....s.t£fHW^ IfHffifr....................................................................... 3 yesterday and the day before yesterday ..................................................................................................................................- 4 the first week and the second week of May ................................................................................................................................... 5 tomorrow and a few days after that .................................................................................................................................... 6 questions 1, 2 and 3 in the exam .................................................................................................................................... 7 next year and the year after .................................................................................................................................... 8 the last day of our holiday and the two days .................................................................................................................................... before that ~* Additional exercise 31 (page 320) 199 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly) Look at these examples: □ Our holiday was too short - the time passed very quickly. □ Two people were seriously injured in the accident. Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly For spelling, see Appendix 6. Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example: friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely Exercises Unit 100 Adjective or adverb? Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun (somebody or something). We use adjectives before nouns: □ Sam is a careful driver. {not a carefully driver) □ We didn't go out because of the heavy rain. Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us about a verb (bow somebody does something or how something happens): □ Sam drove carefully along the narrow road, (not drove careful) □ We didn't go out because it was raining heavily, (not raining heavy) Compare: □ She speaks perfect English. adjective + noun □ She speaks English perfectly. verb + noun + adverb We also use adjectives after some verbs, especially be, and also look/feel/sound etc. Compare: □ Please be quiet. □ Please speak quietly □ I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad. □ Why do you always look so serious? □ I feel happy. □ I was unhappy that I did so badly in the exam, (not did so bad) □ Why do you never take me seriously? □ The children were playing happily. 100.1 Complete each sentence with an adverb. The first letters of the adverb are given. 1 We didn't go out because it was raining he&X!«d...... 2 Our team lost the game because we played very ba.............................................. 3 I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea.............................................. 4 We had to wait for a long time, but we didn't complain. We waited pat.............................................. 5 Nobody knew Steve was coming to see us. He arrived unex.............................................. 6 Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg.............................................. 7 1 don't speak French very well, but I can understand per.............................................if people speak si.............................................and cl.............................................. 100.2 Put in the correct word. 1 Two people were .....serWMSly..... injured in the accident, (serious / seriously) 2 The driver of the car had .....£$t!$Si£.....injuries, (serious / seriously) 3 I think you behaved very.............................................. (selfish / selfishly) 4 Rose is .............................................upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly) 5 There was a.............................................change in the weather, (sudden / suddenly) 6 Everybody at the party was............................................. dressed, (colourful / colourfully) 7 Linda likes wearing.............................................clothes, (colourful / colourfully) 8 Liz fell and hurt herself quite.............................................. (bad / badly) 9 Joe says he didn't do well at school because he was.............................................taught, (bad / badly) 10 Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look.............................................. (safe / safely) 100.3 Complete each sentence using a word from the box. Sometimes you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.). careful(ly) happy/happily complete(ly) nervous (ly) continuous (ly) perfect(ly) financial(ly) quiclc(ly) fluent(Iy) special(ly) We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For example: reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective) terribly sorry (adverb + adjective) incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb) □ It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good. □ I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (not terrible sorry) □ Maria learns languages incredibly quickly. □ The examination was surprisingly easy. You can also use an adverb before a past participle (injured/organised/written etc.): □ Two people were seriously injured in the accident, (not serious injured) □ The meeting was very badly organised. 1 Our holiday was too short. The time passed very.....fli^My...... 2 Steve doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always.............................................. 3 Sue works.............................................. She never seems to stop. 4 Rachel and Patrick are very.............................................married. 5 Maria's English is very.............................................although she makes quite a lot of mistakes. 6 I cooked this meal.............................................for you, so I hope you like it. 7 Everything was very quiet. There was .............................................silence. 8 I tried on the shoes and they fitted me.............................................. 9 Do you usually feel.............................................before examinations? 10 I'd like to buy a car, but it's.............................................impossible for me at the moment. 100.4 Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence. absolutely badly completely reasonably seriously slightly unnecessarily unusually changed -cheap- damaged enormous ill long planned quiet 1 I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was.....XM^SHO^A-J^SS:...... 2 Steve's mother is..........................................................................................in hospital. 3 What a big house! It's........................................................................................... 4 It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only........................................................................................... 5 The children are normally very lively, but they're..........................................................................................today. 6 When I returned home after 20 years, everything had.....................................................~.................................... 7 The film was.................................................................................. It could have been much shorter. 8 A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was.................................................................................. 200 Adjectives after be/look/feel etc. ■+ Unit 99C Adjectives and adverbs 2 -* Unit 101 Additional exercise 31 (page 320) 201 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) Exercises Good/well Good is an adjective. The adverb is well: □ Your English is good. but You speak English well. □ Susan is a good pianist, but Susan plays the piano well. We use well {not good) with past participles (dressed/known etc.): well-dressed well-known well-educated well-paid □ Gary's father is a well-known writer. But well is also an adjective with the meaning 'in good health': □ 'How are you today? 'I'm very well, thanks.' Fast/hard/late These words are both adjectives and adverbs adjective □ Darren is a very fast runner. □ Kate is a hard worker. □ I was late. Lately = recently: □ Have you seen Tom lately? adverb Darren can run very fast. Kate works hard, (not works hardly) I got up late this morning. There's hardly anything in the fridge. Hardly Hardly = very little, almost not. Study these examples: □ Sarah wasn't very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me. (= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all) □ We've only met once or twice. We hardly know each other. Hard and hardly are different. Compare: □ He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck. {= he tried a lot, with a lot of effort) □ I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little) You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere: □ A: How much money have we got? B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none) □ These two cameras are very similar. There's hardly any difference between them. □ The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few students passed) Note that you can say: □ She said hardly anything. or She hardly said anything. □ We've got hardly any money, or We've hardly got any money. I can hardly do something = it's very difficult for me, almost impossible: □ Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is almost impossible to read it) □ My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk. Hardly ever = almost never: □ I'm nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out. Hardly also means 'certainly not'. For example: □ It's hardly surprising that you're tired. You haven't slept for three days. (= it's certainly not surprising) □ The situation is serious, but it's hardly a crisis. (= it's certainly not a crisis) Adjectives after verbs ('You look tired" etc.) ■** Unit 99C Adjectives and adverbs 1 -* Unit 100 Unit 101 101.1 Put in good or well. 1 I play tennis but I'm not very ...J.P.ocL...... j Lucy speaks German very...................... 2 Your exam results were very..................................„ . 8 Lucy's German is very............................... 9 Our new business isn't doing very 3 You did....................................in your exams. 4 The weather was....................................while we were on holiday. 5 I didn't sleep....................................last night. 6 How are you? Are you.................................... ? ....................................at the moment. 10 I like your hat. It looks.................................on you. 11 I've met her a few times, but I don't know her.................................... 101.2 Complete these sentences using well + the following words: behaved dressed informed kept known paid 1 The children were very good. They were.....MSMjrfeSbMS^...... 2 I'm surprised you haven't heard of her. She is quite.................................. 3 Our neighbours' garden is neat and tidy. It is very..................................... 4 I enjoyed the book you lent me. It's a great story and it's very..... 5 Tania knows a lot about many things. She is very...................................... 6 Mark's clothes are always smart. He is always............................................... 7 Jane has a lot of responsibility in her job, but she isn't very............ written 101.3 Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 I'm tired because I've been working hard. .....QK................................ 2 I tried hard to remember her name, but I couldn't............................................. 3 This coat is practically unused. I've hardly worn it.........-.................................. 4 Judy is a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly............................................. 5 Don't walk so fast! I can't keep up with you. 6 I had plenty of time, so I was walking slow. ............................................. 101.4 Complete the sentences. Use hardly + the following verbs (in the correct form): change hear know- recognise say sleep speak 1 Scott and Tracy have only met once before. They.....H.ftt4iy....fe!55fc!.....each other. 2 You're speaking very quietly. I can....................................................................._...................you. 3 I'm very tired this morning. I..........................................................................................last night. 4 We were so shocked when we heard the news, we could........................................................................................ 5 Kate was very quiet this evening. She..........................................................................................a word. 6 You look the same now as you looked 15 years ago. You've................................................................................. 7 I met Dave a few days ago. I hadn't seen him for a long time and he looks very different I.......................................................................................... him. 101.5 Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever. 1 I'll have to go shopping. There's Jm^JZ$0£&.....to eat. 2 It was a very warm day and there was........................................................................wind. 3 'Do you know much about computers?' 'No,........................_......................_.......................' 4 The hotel was almost empty. There was..........................................._...........................staying there. 5 I listen to the radio quite often, but I............_......._.................................................watch television. 6 Our new boss is not very popular..................................................................likes her. 7 It was very crowded in the room. There was........................................................................to sit. 8 We used to be good friends, but we.........................................„.............................see each other now. 9 It was nice driving this morning. There was........................._.............................................traffic. 10 I hate this town. There's........................................................................to do and..........................................................._ now. to go. Additional exercise 31 (page 320) 203