1.1 1.2 APPENDIX 1 Regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs If a verb is regular, the past simple and past participle end in -ed. For example: infinitive clean finish use paint stop carry past simple I past participle J cleaned finished used painted stopped carried For spelling rules, see Appendix 6. For the past simple (I cleaned / they finished / she carried etc.), see Unit 5. We use the past participle to make the perfect tenses and for all the passive forms. Perfect tenses (have/has/had cleaned): • I have cleaned the windows, (present perfect - see Units 7-8) • They were still working. They hadn't finished, (past perfect - see Unit 15) Passive (is cleaned / was cleaned etc.): • He was carried out of the room, (past simple passive) • This gate has just been painted, (present perfect passive) see Units 41-43 APPENDIX 1 1,4 List of irregular verbs Irregular verbs When the past simple / past participle do not end in -ed (for example, I saw /1 have seen), the verb is irregular. With some irregular verbs, all three forms (infinitive, past simple and past participle) are the same. For example, hit: • Don't hit me. (infinitive) • Somebody hit me as I came into the room, (past simple) • I've never hit anybody in my life, (past participle - present perfect) • George was hit on the head by a stone, (past participle - passive) With other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle (but different from the infinitive). For example, tell -» told: • Can you tell me what to do? (infinitive) • She told me to come back the next day. (past simple) • Have you told anybody about your new job? (past participle - present perfect) • I was told to come back the next day. (past participle - passive) With other irregular verbs, all three forms are different. For example, wake -» woke/woken: • I'll wake you up. (infinitive) • I woke up in the middle of the night, (past simple) • The baby has woken up. (past participle - present perfect) • I was woken up by a loud noise, (past participle - passive) 1.3 The following verbs can be regular or irregular: burn —> burned or burnt smell —» smelled or smelt dream -4 dreamed or dreamt [dremt]* spell spelled or spelt lean leaned or leant [lent]* spill spilled or spilt learn —» learned or learnt spoil spoiled or spoilt pronunciation So you can say: • I leant out of the window, or I leaned out of the window. • The dinner has been spoilt, or The dinner has been spoiled. In British English the irregular form (burnt/learnt etc.) is more usual. For American English, see Appendix 7. infinitive be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring broadcast build burst buy catch choose come cost creep cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead leave lend let lie past simple was/were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought broadcast built burst bought caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led left lent let lay past participle been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burst bought caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led left lent let Iain infinitive light lose make past simple lit lost made past participle lit lost made mean meet meant met meant met pay paid paid put read ride put read [red]* rode put read [red]* ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run say ran said run said see saw seen seek sought sought sold sell sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shine shoot show shook shone shot showed shaken shone shot shown/showed shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slide slept slid slept slid speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spit spat spat split split split spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stink strike stung stank struck stung stunk struck swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing take teach tear swung took taught tore swung taken taught torn tell told told think throw understand wake thought threw understood woke thought thrown understood woken wear wore worn weep win write wept won wrote wept won written 274 pronunciation 275