6. MODÁLNI SLOVESA
(1) schopnost: can / be able to
___'     _íí_*_ ■ _____
he can	může	he cannot	nemůže
he is able to		can't	
he was able to	mohl	he wasn't able to	nemohl
		he couldn't	
he could	mohl by	he couldn't	nemohl by
he'll be able to	bude moci	he won't be able to	nebude moci
(2) svolení: mav / be allowed to			
he may. f<; C )	smí	he mustn't	nesmí
he is allowed to		he isn't allowed to	
he was allowed to	směl	he wasn't allowed to	nesměl
he'll be allowed to	bude smět	he won't be allowed to	nebude smět
(3) nutnost: must / need / have to			
he must	musí	he needn't	nemusí
has to		he doesn't have to	
he's got to	1		
he need , )			
he had to	musel	he didn't have to	nemusel
		he didn't need to	
he'll have to/need to	bude muset	he won't have to	nebude muset
		he won't need to	
(4) předpoklad: shall / be supposed to			
he shall	ma	he shall not	nemá
he is to		he shan't	
he was (supposed) to	mel	he wasn't (supposed) to	neměl
he should	mel by	he shouldn't	neměl by
he ought to		he oughtn't to	
(5) ochota: will / be going to			
he will/he's going to	chce, bude	he will not/won't	nechce5 nebude
he would	(rád) by		
(6) dare
he dare
odváží se
he daren't
neodvažuje se
f
6. SPECIÁLNÍ SLOVESA   (pomocná sovesa, Specials)
be	have	can (/	may V	must L	shallu	will ^
need	let	dare	ought<o	used to		
základní charakteristika:
•   sestavují trojčlennou slovesnou frázi: They can come.
PODMET	ŠPECIÁLNI	PLNOVÝZNAMOVÉ
	SLOVESO	SLOVESO
• otázku tvoří inverzí: Willyou stay?
• zápor přidáním not: I am not in the 4th year.
• mají zbytky osobní flexe (be, have)
• nebo naopak flexi ztrácejí (ostatní)
• mají více významů {lam a student. lam to go now. They can do it. What do you do?)
• jako modalia se pojí s infinitivem
s to: be, have, ought, used
bez to: can, may, must, shall, will, let, need, dare
1. BE
tvary: be / am / is / are / was / were / been / being zápor: be not / am not / isn't / aren't / wasn't / weren't / haven't been přehled časů: I am /1 am being /1 was /1 have been /1 had been
• plnovýznamové "být" - To have or to be.
• modálni: závazek ("mám") - / am to finish the thesis till the end of May.
• spona "být" - Are you English? We were in Rome last summer.
• pomocné (aktuál, pasívum) - What are you doing? He is expected to come later.
• metaforické - He is in now.
2. HAVE
tvary: have / has / had / having zápor: haven't / hasn't / hadn't
přehled časů: I have / I am having /1 had /1 have had /1 had had
• plnovýznamové "mít" - Have you (got) a driver's license?
• modálni: nutnost ("muset") -1 have (got) to go. They had to wait a while.
• pomocné (pf./plsqpf.) - Have you been in Ireland? He has been expected.
3. CAN (moci)
tvary: can / could (ostatní časy opisem s be able to) zápor: cannot (can't) / couldn't
• schopnost - Can you speak English? I can.
• žádost - Can you give me his number? Could I have your name?
• svolení/nesvolení - You can stay as long as you wish. You can't leave now.
• podmínka - / could do it if I knew how.
4. MAY (smět / asi)
tvary: may / might, zápor: may not / might not
• pravděpodobnost ("asi") - We may arrive between five and six p.m. It might rain.
• žádost - May I ask you a question? (ost. časy opisem s be allowed to)
• svolení/nesvolení - You may not take pictures here, (dtto)
5. MUST (muset / určitě)
jediný tvar (ostatní časy opisem s have to)
zápor must not (mustn't) = nesmět, protiklad needn't - nemuset
• nutnost (morální imperativ) - / must hurry. I mustn't come late.
• striktní příkaz - You must leave!
• striktní zákaz - We mustn't park here!
• určitost ("jistě")- He must have arrived already.
6. SHALL
tvary: shall / should (kondicionál) zápor: shall not (shan't) / shouldn't
• modální: povinnost - We shall finish this as soon as possible. I should do it.
• otázka: návrh ("mám?") - Shall I read it for you?
• otázka: váhání - Shall we go or shall we stay?
• zákaz, pohrůžka: The dog shan't stay, or else...!
7. WILL
/ původněplnovýznamové: "chtít, přát si" (dnes řídce užívané)
tvary: will / wills / willed / willing ("být ochoten")
užití: He wills that. I am willing.
II. modální a pomocné
tvary: will / would (kondicionál)
zápor: will not (won't) / wouldn't
• ochota - / will do it.
• futurum - / will come at five. He won't stay so late.
• kondicionál ("by") - They would stay if we asked them to.
• minulé iterativum 3 .sg. - Grandpa would go for a walk each afternoon.
8. NEED
I. plnovýznamové: "potřebovat" tvary: need / needs / needed / needing
užití: Everybody needs friends. Do you need the dictionary? Needed - a volunteer for summer camp job.
II. modální: jediný tvar, zápor needn't
• nutnost, "je třeba/není třeba": I need to see a dentist. Need I bring you there? You needn't mention that. We needn't have gone there.
9. LET
I. plnovýznamové: "nechat": tvary: let / lets / letting
užití: Don't let the dog run about. Do you always let him run about? Our tutor lets us choose.
II. modální a pomocné: jediný tvar, zápor don't let (!)
• opisný imperativ - Let me go. Let him go. Let's go. Don't let them go.
10. DARE
I. plnovýznamové: "troufat si": tvary: dare / dares / dared / daring
Did you dare to say that aloud? He dared to resist. I didn't   dare to leave her alone.
11. modálni:
tvary: dare / daren't / dared
• idiomatické: I dare say. He daren't say. Dare you say that! He dared me pick that fruit.
II. OUGHT TO
jediný tvar, zápor oughtn't to
• nutnost, povinnost (mravně závazná): It's late -1 ought to go home. You oughtn't laugh. A counsellor ought to know that.
12. USED TO
původ ze slovesa "use" = používat
jediný tvar, zápor usedn't to (nebo didn't use to)
• minulé iterativum ("bývávalo"): I used to ride a horse before I bought a car.
13. DO
I. plnovýznamové: "dělat"
tvary: do / does / did / done / doing
How do you do? What do you do for a job? What are they doing at the moment? I did a lot of sports when I was young. He doesn't do anything. All is done.
II. pomocné: tvary: do / does / did
• tvoření otázky a záporu v habituálu a préteritu: Do you speak English? Does he work here? I don't know.
CVIČENÍ
1/ modálni slovesa v otázce:
can you? / are you able to? / were you able to? / could you? / will you be able to? / may I? / are you allowed to? / were you allowed to? / will you be allowed to? / must you? / have you got to? (do you have to?) / need you? / did you have to? / will you have to? / will you need to? / shall I? / were you (supposed) to? / should I? / ought I to? will you? / are you going to? / would you? / dare you?
II/  rozpoznání a překlad modálních sloves
I shall give you a few sentences. I will show you some nuances of modality. Can you tell the difference between the Modal Verbs? It is not very difficult. You have studied the Special Verbs, so you should be able to understand them correctly. All you have to do is to find the Special and decide about its meaning. Then you are about to translate them correctly. Could you write down your translation? It may require some time but exercise will make master. You needn't worry about the quantity. You may divide the chapter in smaller parts and learn them step by step. You've got plenty of time as I am to leave you until after next.