Practice 137 Relative clauses with who, which and that Introduction Emma: / saw Natalie the other clay. Melanie: Natalie? The girl who plays the piano? Emma: No, that's Natasha. Natalie is the student who dropped out of college, the one who never did any studying. She's working in Davidson's now, the shop that sells very expensive clothes. The relative clauses in this conversation identity which person or thing we are talking about. The clause who plays the piano tells us which girl Melanie means. The clause that sells very expensive clothes tells us which shop Emma means. Sometimes we can use an adjective or a phrase to identify someone or something. Adjective: the tall girl the new student the red car Phrase: the man in the suit the shop on the corner the woman with red But when we need a longer explanation, we can use a relative clause. Relative clause: the woman who gets up early the. car that broke down hair Who, which and that The relative pronouns who, which and that go after the noun and at the beginning of the relative clause. Who refers to people. Nick is the man who owns that enormous dog. I don't like people who tell jokes all the time. The little girl who sat next to me on the coach ate sweets the whole way. Sarah is pretty annoyed with the person who stole her mobile phone. We can also use that, but it is less usual. Jake is the man that plays the guitar. The woman that lived here before us is a romantic novelist. That and which refer to things. That is more usual than which, especially in conversation. The car that won the race looked very futuristic, didn't it? They've recaptured all the animals that escaped from the zoo. The children saw the actual spacecraft that landed on the moon. Which can be a little formal. There are several restaurants which do Sunday lunches. Is Zedco the company which was taken over last year? We do not use another pronoun like he or it with the relative pronoun. not the man who he owns that enormous dog not the actual spacecraft that it landed on the moon In all these sentences who, which and that are the subject of the relative clause. For who, which and that as object, see Units 138 and 139. A Identifying (1) Look at the information and identify which one is meant. Use the shortest way of identifying where possible, e.g. the tall boy, not the boy who is tall. the boy (he is tall) the man (he has a beard) > > > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 the woman (she plays golf) the young man (he is at the door) the man (he plays his stereo at night) the woman (she is very thin) the girl (she has green eyes) the young woman (she is in the office) the man (he drives a taxi) the young man (he is smart) the student (she failed all her exams) tine. ±ck\\ boy "the. wom&a who b&Ard p>lAy£ golf B Who, which and that (2) Complete the conversation. Put in who, which or that. There is always more than one possible answer. Emma: Matthew Emma: Matthew: Emma: Matthew: Emma: Shall we have something to eat? Yes, but not here. I don't like cafes (►) tfc*t. don't have chairs. I'm not one of those people (►) who can eat standing up. There's another restaurant over there. It looks expensive - one of those places (1) ... charge very high prices. The only customers (2) .......can afford to eat there are business executives (3) get their expenses paid. Anyway, I can't see a menu. I'm not going into a restaurant (4)......doesn't display a menu. We just passed a café (5).......does snacks. Oh, I didn't like the look of that. You're one of those people (6) are never satisfied, aren't you? Relative clauses (1-2) Combine the information to make news items. Make the sentence in brackets into a relative clause with who or which. Start each sentence with the, e.g. The man ... ► A man has gone to prison. (He shot two policemen.) The. maa. who £ho-fc -two p>oliceMei\. In&.$ .4oML. to prito*. 1 A bomb caused a lot of damage. (It went off this morning.) 2 A scientist has won the Nobel Prize. (He discovered a new planet.) 3 A footballer has been banned from playing again. (He took drugs.) 4 A little girl has been found safe and well. (She had been missing since Tuesday.) 5 A company has laid off thousands of workers. (It owns Greenway Supermarkets.) 6 An old lady now wants to swim the English Channel. (She did a parachute jump.) page 330 • RELATIVE CLAUSES RELATIVE CLAUSES • PAGE 331 138 The relative pronoun as object 1 Subject and object Harriet is showing David her holiday photos. Harriet: That's an old castle that we visited on holiday. And those are some people we met, a couple who were staying at the campsite. David: Mm. They look very friendly. A relative pronoun such as who or that can be the subject of a relative clause. Harriet talked to a couple who1 were staying at the camp-site. ( They were staying at the camp site.) The postcard that came this morning was from Harriet. (jit came this morning.) A relative pronoun can also be the object of a relative clause. Mike and Harriet are visiting a woman (They met who\ they met on holiday. her on holiday.) The old castlel that (We visited it. we visited was really interesting. We do not use another pronoun like her or it with the relative pronoun. not (i woman who they met her not the old castle that we visited it 2 Leaving out the relative pronoun We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause. We do this especially in spoken English. Compare these examples. with object pronoun without object pronoun The man who Vicky saw at the concert is Sarahs The man Vicky saw at the concert is Sarah's boss. That's an old castle that we visited. boss. That's an old castle we visited. Here are some more examples of relative clauses without an object pronoun. We don't know the name of the person the police are questioning. The cakes Melanie baked were delicious. Tfiat jacket you're wearing is falling to pieces, Mike. Remember that we cannot leave out a pronoun when it is the subject of a relative clause. The man who spoke to Vicky is Sarah's boss. 3 Who and whom In formal English, whom is sometimes used when the object of the relative clause is a person. The person who/whom the police were questioning has now been released. But in conversation whom is not very common. A Subject and object (1) Comment on the conversations. Add a sentence with who or that as the subject of the underlined part. ► She's Tom's new girlfriend. - Who is? ~ That girl. SJieJust_saidJnelJp. That's right. The ..4ic!..V?!^. J*rt._£Aid h£.H°. TOM? *GW <3'r'"^r.'e-^- 1 The dog has been rescued. ~ What dog? ~ It fell down a hole. Haven't you heard? The .............. ............. ......... 2 The story was untrue. ~ What story? ~ You know. Itjjr^t^veryorie. Yes, the ................................................................................................................. 3 He's a film producer. ~ Who is? ~ That man. He interviewed Natasha. That's what I heard. The ................. Now comment on these conversations. Add a sentence with who or that as the object of the underlined part. 4 The accident wasn't very serious. ~ What accident? ~ Oh, Daniel saw it. Yes, the................ ... ....... 5 He's a billionaire. ~ Who is? - That man. Claire knows him. It's true. The ............................................................................... 6 The vase was extremely valuable. ~ What vase? - You know. David broke it. That's right. The....... .......... 7 It's really nice. ~ What is? ~ The jacket. Melanie wore it at the party. Yes, it is. The B Leaving out the relative pronoun (2) Complete the script for these TV advertisements. Use a relative clause without a pronoun. ► 1 2 3 4 5 Fresho soap. Beautiful people use it. |"tV tJbft. *9*&. be*wtiful people w*e. An Everyman car. You can afford it..... 'Hijack'. People want to see this film... Greenway Supermarket. You can trust it. 'Cool' magazine. Young people read it. Jupiter chocolates. You'll love them. C Leaving out the relative pronoun (2) Look carefully at these sentences. Are they correct without a relative pronoun? Where you see you may need to put in who, which or that. Write the sentences and put in a pronoun only if you have to. 1 The man ★ paid for the meal was a friend of Tom's. The who pAid -for -the. wetkl wa^ tk -frier^d oT TomV. The meeting ★ Mark had to attend went on for three hours. Trie Meeti^d Mark, tad to Attend weivt orv Tor three hour*. Somewhere I've got a photo of the mountain ★ we climbed. 2 The man ★ repaired my car is a real expert. 3 The detective lost sight of the man ★ he was following. 4 I thought I recognized the assistant * served us. 5 I'm afraid the numbers ★ I chose didn't win a prize. page 332 • RELATIVE CLAUSES RELATIVE CLAUSES • page 333 139 Prepositions in relative clauses 1 Introduction A relative pronoun (e.g. that) can be the object of a preposition (e.g. for). This is the bus that I've been waiting for. I've been waiting for the bus The restaurant that we normally go to is dosed today. We normally go to the restaurant. In informal spoken English we normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. Compare the word order. statement relative clause I've been waiting for the bus. the bus that I've been waiting for We go to the restaurant. the restaurant that we go to We do not use another pronoun like it or her after the preposition. not the restaurant that we go to it not someone who I work with her Leaving out the pronoun We often leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of a preposition. without object pronoun The bus I'm waiting for is late. Is this the article you were interested in? That's the man I was talking about. with object pronoun The bus that I'm waiting for is late. Is this the article which you were interested in? That's the man who I was talking about. Here are some more examples of relative clauses without an object pronoun. / can't remember the name of the hotel we stayed at. This is the colour we've finally decided on. The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains. A preposition at the beginning These examples are typical of formal English. Was that the restaurant to which you normally go? Electronics is a subject about which I know very little. The Sales Manager is the person from whom 1 obtained the figures. Here the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clause, before which or whom. We cannot put a preposition before that or who. a subject (that) I know little about not a subject about that I know little the person (who) I got the figures from not the person from who I got the figures > 138.3 Whom A A preposition at the end (1-2) What are they saying? Put in sentences with a preposition at the end. > 1 2 3 4 (Mark has been looking for this letter.) Ihi* )*. "the. latter I ve betiv bokirya -for. (Rachel was talking about that film.) (Laura has decided on this wallpaper.) (Matthew played tennis with that man.)............. (David fell down those steps.) B A preposition at the end (1-2) Match the phrases and write the definitions. Put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. you hit nails with it you keep valuable things in it you cook in it you can either sit or sleep on it you're going to it you're playing against them > 1 2 3 4 5 > 1 2 3 4 5 a kitchen a hammer your destination a safe your opponent a sofa bed a cupboard the person a piece of furniture the place a room a tool A k.itcli£i\ i$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Grand Canyon Nelson Mandela John Lennon The Titanic Queen Victoria Mars The Berlin Wall Use who or which. He was one of the Beatles. He became President of South Africa. [t is one of the wonders of the world. It is known as the red planet. It stood for 28 years. It was supposed to be unsinkable. She ruled over the British Empire. qive., o-f the wonders p-f the. world > 137.1 Identifying clauses > 142.1 Pronouns in identifying and adding clauses A Adding clauses (1) Match the parts and write sentences with an adding clause. He was in prison for 27 years. He was killed in 1980. It is 140 million miles away. It is over 200 miles long. It sank in 1912. It was built in 1961. She came to the throne in 1837. y The. Qrtk^d CArsyofi, which \$ over 2QO wile* \ot^) \i 1 2 3 4 5 6 ...... B Identifying or adding? (2) Read the news article and then say what each relative clause does. Does it tell us which one, or does it add information? The play (►) that the students put on last week was Oscar Wilde's 'The Importance of Being Earnest', (►) which was written in 1895. The college theatre, (1) which holds oyer 400_people, was unfortunately only half full for the Friday evening performance. However, the people (2) who bothered to attend must have been glad they did. Lucy Kellett, (3) who played Lady Bracknell, was magnificent. Unfortunately the young man (4) who played John Worthing forgot his lines twice, but that did not spoil the evening, (5) which was a great success. > > 1 2 3 4 5 It.talií itf which Pky. It *édf.M***tic*. *bo*t .'The iMporW o-f E>£l^ EAr^t\ Commas in relative clauses (2) Put in the relative clauses. You may also need to put in one or two commas. ► (that Claire drives) This car is a lot cheaper than the one that CUire. drive.* (who has twins) Olivia, w^o h& twirv* f often needs a babysitter. (who took Rita to the party) The person..... .......... .......was Tom (who has a bad temper) Henry.............................shouted at the waiter. (which Tom supports) The team............... ............... is United (who is afraid of heights) We all climbed up except Vicky ............................................ (which is on the tenth floor) My new flat .......... ........has a terrific view (she bought the sofa from) Sarah can't remember the name of the shop page 338 RELATIVE CLAUSES RELATIVE CLAUSES • page 339 142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs 1 Pronouns in identifying and adding clauses There are two kinds of relative clause: identifying and adding (see Unit 141). Look at the pronouns in these examples. identifying I'm sure I know the person who served us. The pop singer whom Guy invited onto his chat show never turned up. The woman whose flat was burgled spent the night at a friend's house. Towns which/that attract tourists are usually crowded in the summer. In an identifying clause we can use who, whom, whose, which or that. 2 Leaving out the pronoun Sometimes we can leave the pronoun out of an identifying clause (see Unit 138.2). The woman (who) you met yesterday works in advertising. Have you seen the book (that) I was reading? Laura couldn't find the box (that) she kept her photos in. adding Natalie, who served us, is a friend of Emma's. Arlene Black, whom Guy invited onto his chat show, never turned up. Natasha, whose flat was burgled, spent the night at a friend's house. Oxford, which attracts many tourists, is often crowded in the summer. In an adding clause we can use who, whom, whose or which. We do not use that. We cannot leave the pronoun out of an adding clause. Sarah, whom you met yesterday, works in advertising. That book 'Brighton Rock', which I was reading, is really good. Laura had a wooden box, in which she kept her photos OR which she kept her photos in. 3 The relative adverbs where, when and why Look at these examples. This is the place where the accident happened. Do you remember the day when we moved the piano upstairs? The reason why Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita. We can leave out when or why, or we can use that. Do you remember the day (that) we moved the piano upstairs? The reason (that) Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita. There are also adding clauses with where and when. We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with Henry. Mark likes to travel at night, when the roads are quiet. 4 A special use of which In an adding clause, we can use which relating to a whole sentence, not just to a noun. It rained all night, which was good for the garden. Here which means 'the fact that it rained all night'. Here are some more examples. David helped me clear up, which was very kind of him. Sarah had to work late again, which annoyed Mark. Tom pushed Nick into the swimming-pool, which seemed to amuse everyone. Practice A Who, whom, whose, which, where and why (l, 3) Complete this advertisement. Put in who, whom, whose, which, where or why. The town of Keswick, (►) which |jes at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect place for a holiday, and the Derwent Hotel, (1)...... overlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay. Robin and Wendy Jackson, (2) bought this small hotel three years ago, have already won an excellent reputation. Robin, (3)...... cooking is one of the reasons (4) the Derwent is so popular, was once Young Chef of the Year. The comfort of the guests, (5). the owners treat almost as members of the family, always comes first. Peter Ustinov, (6) once stayed at the hotel, described it as 'marvellous'. And the Lake District, (7)...... has so much wonderful scenery and (8) ........the poet Wordsworth lived, will not disappoint you. B Identifying clauses and adding clauses (1-3) Put in the relative clauses. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer. ► Someone knows all about it - the secretary. The person khDWj Abowt it js the secretary. 1 Zedco has 10,000 employees. It's an international company. Zedco, ................................................................., is an international company. 2 Vicky's name was missed off the list, so she wasn't very pleased. Vicky, .............................................................................., wasn't very pleased. 3 Laura painted a picture, and it's being shown in an exhibition. The picture............................................... is being shown in an exhibition. 4 We're all looking forward to a concert. It's next Saturday. The concert ......................................................................is next Saturday. 5 One week Mike and Harriet went camping. It was the wettest of the year. The week ...............................................was the wettest of the year. 6 Aunt Joan is a bit deaf, so she didn't hear the phone. Aunt Joan,........................................... 7 You'll meet Henry tomorrow. He's also a member of the board. Henry,................................................ 8 I'll see you near the post office. We met there the other day. I'll see you near the post office,....................... C A special use of which (4) Match the sentence pairs and join them with which. ......, didn't hear the phone. is also a member of the board. > 1 2 3 4 5 > 1 2 3 4 5 My phone is out of order. Rachel's mother paid for the meal. My brother is disabled. You left the keys in the car. Vicky didn't get the job. The police blocked off the road. It means he can't get about very easily. It's made her very depressed. That was rather careless of you. That caused a traffic jam. It's a real nujsance. That was very kind of her. M y plno^c i$ oiA-t oT order, which \$ <*. reaJ MAiSAACa. PAGE 340 • RELATIVE CLAUSES RELATIVE CLAUSES • page 341 Practice 143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive 1 Relative clauses with a participle Read this news report about an accident. Several people were injured this morning when a lorry carrying concrete pipes overturned in the centre of town and hit two cars. Ambulances called to the scene took a long time to get through the rush hour traffic. The accident happened in Alfred Road, where road repairs are under way. People who saw the accident say that the lorry hit the cars after it swerved to avoid a pile of stones left in the road. The traffic chaos caused by the accident has meant long delays for people travelling to work. Carrying concrete pipes, called to the scene, etc. are relative clauses: they relate to a noun. Carrying concrete pipes tells us something about a lorry. We can form these clauses with an active participle, e.g. carrying, or a passive participle, e.g. called. The participles can refer to the present or the past. passive / have a message for people delayed by the traffic chaos. (= people who are being delayed) We noticed a pile of stones left in the road. (= stones which had been left there) food sold in supermarkets (= food which is/was sold in supermarkets) The passive participle means the same as a pronoun + a passive verb, e.g. which is/was sold. active There are delays this morning for people travelling to work. (= people who are travelling to work) A lorry carrying concrete pipes has overturned. (= a lorry which was carrying pipes) the path leading to the church (= the path which leads/led to the church) The active participle means the same as a pronoun + a continuous verb, e.g. which is/was carrying, or a pronoun + a simple verb, e.g. which leads/led. But we do not use the active participle for a single action in the past. The police want to interview people who saw the accident. not people seeing the accident Relative clauses with a to-infinitive Look at this structure with the to-infinitive. New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote. (= the first country which gave women the vote) Melanie was the only person to write a letter of thanks. (= the only person who wrote a letter of thanks) Here are some more examples. The guest on our show is the youngest golfer to win the Open. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress to appear on stage here. We can use a to-infinitive with these words: first, second, etc; next and last; only; and superlatives, e.g. youngest, most famous. We can leave out the noun (except after only) if the meaning is clear. The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship. PAGE 342 • RELATIVE CLAUSES A Relative clauses with a participle (1) Complete the definitions. Put in an active or passive participle of these verbs: add, arrive, block, own, play, take, tell, watch, wear ► A competitor is someone tftfeJA^ part in a competition. ► Your property is everything owi\ad by you. 1 Baseball is a game ...... mainly in the US. 2 A wrist-watch is a watch..................on your wrist. 3 A latecomer is a person ....... late. 4 An instruction is a statement ........ .. . you what to do. 5 A spectator is someone ............... a game or an event. 6 An extension is a new part.......... ..... on to a building. 7 An obstacle is something ... ... your way. B Relative clauses with a participle (1) Write each news item as one sentence. Change the part in brackets into a clause with an active participle (e.g. costing) or a passive participle (e.g. found). ► A new motorway is planned. (It will cost £500 million.) A new motorway <&£t?A4 ,^S.QQ mUIvwS .'^..pl^iWSftd; ....................... ► Some weapons belong to the IRA. (They were found at a flat in Bristol.) Some weapons -fowrvd