pairwork seven review grammar How observant are you? When someone stole the money... 1 ... was anyone standing up? If so, who? 2 ... two men were sitting outside the café. What were they wearing? 3 ... was anyone lying on the beach? 4 ... what was the older woman doing? 5 ... how many people were on the beach, and what were they doing? 6 ... what was the name of the café? 7 ... was anyone inside the café? If so, what were they doing? 8 ... where was the dog? What was it doing? Score 7-8 Very good! Are you a spy? 5-6 Good! Are you in the police force? 3-4 Maybe you need glasses? 1-2 You definitely need glasses! mne review vocabulary 146 ten review twelve review vocabulary Are the sentences true or false? If false, make them true. 1 The man who has fallen asleep is having a nice dream. 2 The young boy is very relaxed. 3 The very thin man is worried about something. 4 Somebody is waking the old man up. 5 The person who's got a headache is between the young boy and the thin older woman. 6 The young boy in the middle feels sick. 7 The woman next to the tall man is very embarrassed. 8 The basketball player has got a pain in his arm. grammar Look at these pictures of the same people, twenty years later. Don't look back at p. 121. Write down three sentences about the man and three about the woman using used to. example The man used to have long hair, but now he's got short hair. eleven review vocabulary student B Take turns to say a word / phrase from your table. Your partner must say a word / phrase from their table with the same meaning. They get one point if they answer correctly in five seconds. customer working hours angry or unhappy be busy run a company split up afraid angry discussion get on well get the sack get a good salary not wanting to work 147 pairwork two reading student A Correct the errors in these sentences. Check your answers. 1 We eat a lot of spaghettis. 2 These pasta are really nice. 3 Do you eat many bread? 4 I don't like coffees. 5 How much sugar are there? answers čaaain. si aeSns tpnui moh 5 33JJO0 3>pT l,UOp I fr čpeaaq qonui iea noA oq £ •30TU A\\edi si eised siqx z 'juaqSeds jo io| b jea 3a\ t Read out the incorrect sentences to your partner. They have to correct them. thirteen review vocabulary student B Think of adjectives to describe someone who ... 2 is very quiet, doesn't like meeting new people 4 talks a lot and is happy with other people 6 is relaxed and doesn't worry 8 is nice to other people 10 wants to do very well in their job and be the best 12 doesn't like waiting for things three review vocabulary & natural English student A Practise saying these definitions. The answers are in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 It's the opposite of 'dangerous', (safe) It's a place where you can leave your car in a town, (car park) It's another way of saying 'quite neať. (not far) It's a place where you make things, for example cars, (factory) It's another way of saying 'Is there a post office near here?'. ('Where's the nearest post office?') Write definitions for these words / phrases using the natural English phrases on p.42. a park quiet a five-minute bus ride a (mght)club a celebrity Find a B partner. Read sentences 1 to 5 and your own definitions -your B partner must guess the words. eleven reading student B 1 Think! Prepare your answers to these questions. Write notes, not sentences. If you have an office job, talk about your office. If you don't have an office job, invent your answers. 1 What kind of company is it? 2 What do you do? 3 How many people work there? 4 Where is it exactly? 5 How do you get to work? What time? 6 What are your working hours? 7 How long are the breaks for coffee and lunch? 8 Do you share an office with other people? 9 Do you get on well with them? 10 Do you like your job? 2 Find an A partner to interview you. 148 two listening student B You arrive before C. Think! Plan what you are going to say. - greet A - accept a drink - greet C when he / she arrives - when you start the meal, say nice things about the food ten review natural English student B PATIENT/ CLIENT It's FIVE minutes before your appointment. You've got a problem. Ring the receptionist Think! What are you going to say? - say your name, and who your appointment is with - explain the problem, e.g. you're in a meeting, or your car has broken down - say sorry - try to make another appointment for this morning Now phone the receptionist. He/She will speak first. 149 ge reference question forms yes 1 no questions Most verbs form questions with do, does, and did. positive form question form I work here. Do you work here? He fives near here. Does he live near here? It rained yesterday. Did it rain yesterday? In questions with the verb be, put the verb before the subject. In questions with modal verbs (e.g. can, could), put the modaL verb before the subject. With have got, put have before the subject. positive form question form He is married. is he married? They were tired. Were they tired? I've got a dictionary. He can come later. Have you got a dictionary? Can he come later? She could help. Could she help? go to exercise 1.1 wh- questions With wh- questions, use the same word order as yes /no questions. Where does he live? = place When did she get here? = time Why did they leave? = reason What's your name? = a thing Who's got my pen? = a person How old is your baby? = age How often do you come here? = frequency How much does it cost? = quantity What's it like? = tell me about it You can end questions with prepositions. Where do you come from? NOT From where do you come? Who does she live with? What are you looking at? go to exercises 1.2 and 1.3 cover & check exercises 1.1 Write questions. Use he. 1 (be) a doctor? 2 (live) with his parents? 3 (have got) a car? 4 (go) to Italy last year? 5 (can understand) German? Now write questions using they. 6 (be) married? 7 (have got) any children? 8 (like) skiing? 9 (stay) at home last night? 10 (be) at university in the 1990s? 1.2 Here are some answers. Write possible wh- questions. 1 He's from the south of Italy. 2 At 7 o'clock this morning. 3 Because he wanted to learn English. 4 Twenty euros. 5 Eighteen - it's her birthday today. 1.3 Fill the gaps with a verb, question word, or preposition. 1 Who do they live -----------? 2 _______ often do you go there? 3 What are they looking-----------? 4 _______ she at the party last night? 5 _______'s it like ? 150 present simple positive and negative forms 1/WlVe/They He/She/It live here. don't live here. lives here. doesn't live here. short answers questions Where do you live? Where does he/she Hve? Ves, I do. Yes, he does. No, I don't. No, she doesn't You can use the present simple to talk about things which are always/generally true: J come from Italy. She doesn't like chocolate. They live in a village. Does she speak French? You can also use the present simple to talk about habits: I go to the shops every week. Do you often see your parents? She watches TV in the evenings. Does he finish work at 6.00? go to exercise 1.4 possessive 's/s' singular nouns: add 's Jack's house my daughter's boyfriend irregular plural nouns: add 's the children's toys the men's room regular plural nouns: add s' the boys' bicycles my friends' flat Compare: the student's room = a room for one student the students' room = a room for more than one student go to exercise 1.5 You can use possessive 's/s' to talk about possessions and relationships. Maria's flat Maria's boyfriend NOT the boyfriend of Maria the doctor's bag my parents' car But you normally use of fox things and places. the beginning of the film the end of the road NOT the road's end go to exercise 1.6 1.4 Write the verbs in the correct form. (not like) sport. We_____ ----------- (you / watch) TV a lot? My sister----------- (speak) French. How often_______ (he go) on holiday? She ____ (not drive) to work. Cover the grammar, then try the exercise. Check the grammar again to help you. 1.5 Make the underlined nouns plural. 1 David found the boy's books. 2 We went out with my sister's friends. 3 They forgot the child's jackets. 4 It was the woman's idea. 5 My brother's team lost the match. 1.6 Circle the correct answer. 1 I gave it to Mark's brother / the brother of Mark. 2 What's the film's name / the name of the film? 3 Do you know Petra's husband / the husband of Petra? 4 That's my sister's computer / the computer of my sister. 5 We live in the country's middle / the middle of the country. language reference 151 past simple positive and negative forms l/WHe/She/lt/We/They short answers worked. didn't work. (NOT worked) questions Where did you work? (NOT worked) Yes, I did. No, I didn't. spelling____________ most regular verbs verbs ending in -e verbs ending in consonant -y add -ed add -d change -y to -/ and add -ed most verbs ending in one double the vowel + one consonant consonant (but not verbs ending in -y, -w, or an unstressed vowel, e.g. open, visit) Many common verbs are irregular in the past: go - went see - saw catch - caught go to the irregular verb list on p. 174 go to exercise 1.7 start - started look - looked arrive - arrived live - lived marry - married study - studied stop - stopped plan - planned be-was/were You can use the past simple to talk about something that started and finished in the past. You often know when it happened. I worked until ten o'clock last night. I didn't see him yesterday. You can use these time expressions with the past simple. yesterday last night/week/month two weeks ago in 2001 at 2.30 natural English a sequence of actions ;For more than one action with the same subject, you don't need to repeat the subject. He stood up, be went to the door, and he opened it. go to exercise 1.8 1.7 Correct the errors. Be careful: two sentences are correct. 1 When did they returned? 2 She seen him last week. 3 We study e d this grammar yesterday. 4 I didn't forget her birthday. 5 What time did he left the party? 6 We stoped work at five o'clock. 7 I drived home last night. 8 He putted his coat on. 9 I didn't write anything. 10 He didn't went to school today. 1.8 Fill the gaps with one word. I rang him_________ I saw them three days He went to Spain____ I started work _______ month. 1998. She got up six o'clock. Is this grammar the same in your language? If not, make a note of the difference. 152 language reference two articles (1) We don't normally use the/a in these phrases: have breakfast have lunch have tea have dinner He has lunch at 12.00. NOT has the lunch Did you have dinner at home last night? We use a in these phrases: have a meal have a snack have a drink have a coffee (= a cup of coffee) We had a meal on the train. Shall we have a drink after work? go to exercise 2.1 countable and uncountable nouns countable nouns Countable nouns can be singuLar or plural: a book / two books a match / some matches a man / three men uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns are normally only singular: pasta NOT pastas milk NOT fmiks- Uncountable nouns aren't normally used with a/an: some bread some bread (some) bread NOT a bread (some) information NOT an information Uncountable nouns are normally used with a singular verb: There isn't much bread. NOT There aren't much bread. That pasta was expensive. NOT That pasta were expensive. go to exercise 2.2 These words are uncountable in English, but countable in some languages. luggage information pasta, spaghetti, etc. advice weather traffic homework luggage work news hair toast furniture cover & check exercises 2.1 Organize the words into sentences. Add a or the if necessary. 1 finished /1 / had / drink / after /1 / work 2 at / breakfast / today / have / you / did / home? 3 lunch / outside / usually / have / you / do? 4 we / hungry / have / snack / we / when / often / are 5 yesterday / with / had / she / dinner / friends 2.2 Circle the correct answer. 1 There is / are some cheese in the fridge. I'm going to buy some / an apple. I'd like a / some milk in my coffee. I've got a / some butter for the sandwiches. I think pasta is / are very good for you. He put a / some sugar in my coffee. This beer is / are very cold. Where is / are the children? I bought a / some bottle of beer. I need to buy a / some rice. 2.3 Write C (countable) or U (uncountable) for these nouns. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 weather handbag luggage information spaghetti 6 7 8 9 10 toast vegetable bread egg homework go to exercise 2.3 language reference 153 A dictionary shows if nouns are countabLe or uncountable. * bread /bred/ noun [U] a type of food made from flour and water mixed together and baked in an oven. Another substance (yeast) is usually added to make the bread rise: a piece/slice of bread • egg1 /eg/ noun 1 [C] an almost round object with a hard shell that contains a i young bird, reptile or insect entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary ISBN 0194315: natural English a coffee, two beers Coffee, juke, and beer are countable when they mean 'a cup of../ or 'a bottle of ../ or 'a glass of ...'. I'd like a coffee, please. (= a cup of coffee) Two beers, please. I'll have a juice. 69 adjectives and adverbs Adjectives usually go before nouns. It's a hot day. It wasn't a very comfortable chair. But they also follow certain verbs. - sense verbs, e.g. look, taste, smell, feel, and sound He looks happy. NOT happily The chair feels soft The music sounds horrible. This perfume smells lovely. This apple tastes delicious. - other verbs including be, become, get, and seem She's angry. He gets (= becomes) tired in the evenings. He seems very unhappy. The course is becoming more difficult. go to exercise 2.5 a lot of, much, many, any With countable nouns TCI, vou can i negative sentences. jse many /any in questions and How many eggs are there? Are there any eggs? We haven't We haven't got many oranges, got any oranges. In positive sentences, use a lot of. She eats a lot of apples. We've got a lot of bottles of milk. With uncountable nouns negative sentences. [U], you can use much /any in questions and How much bread is there? Is there any bread? We haven't got much coffee. We haven't got any coffee. In positive sentences, use a lot of. We've got a lot of milk. She eats a lot of cheese. go to exercise 2.4 When you've finished an exercise, say the sentences aloud. 2.4 Fill the gaps with much, many, a lot of, or any. 1 How ________ coffee have we got? 2 They gave us ________information. 3 We haven't got________ sugar - the packet's empty. 4 There was ____ room. 5 There aren't __ class: only four. 6 She's got-------- furniture in the students in my luggage. 7 The teacher didn't give us----------- homework, so I watched TV. 8 How ________ people were at the match? I don't drink water; just 10 one or two glasses a day. We'll need ________ food for the party tomorrow night. 2.5 Complete the sentences with a suitable verb and adjective from the box. seem taste get smell feel warm angry nice salty nice 1 She put her hand in front of the fire but it didn't ________very------------ 2 My boss ________ ------------when I'm late for work. 3 It's a beautiful flower but it doesn't ________ very _________ 4 I don't know him very well, but he 5 I tried the soup and it very 154 language reference 1 However, most verbs are not followed by an adjective, but an adverb of manner. She drives quickly. We did the test quietly. Our teacher speaks very slowly. They speak English well. You can use certain adverbs to say more about adjectives. The meal was really delicious. She writes very interesting letters, it's incredibly hot today. Before extreme adjectives, use absolutely or really. You cannot use very: NOT very wonderful / very awful / very terrible The weather was absolutely terrible. go to exercise 2.6 2.6 Fill the gaps with a suitable adjective or adverb. 1 This cake looks_________ 2 On mountain roads, you need to drive_________ 3 When he speaks in a loud voice, he sounds _________ 4 My sister speaks Italian very 5 I put my coat on because I felt For a change, do an exercise in your head or orally with a partner. Check your answers, then write them in. present perfect (1): time up to now have I has + past participle positive and negative forms I/You/We/They He/She/It short answers 've/have lived there haven't Kved there. 's/has been here. hasn't been here. questions Have you Kved there? Has she seen him? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Yes, he has. No, she hasn't. For regular past participles, use the same rules as regular past simple (see p.150). Many common verbs have irregular past participles. go to the irregular verb list on p. 174 go to exercise 3.1 You can use the present perfect to talk about things that have happened in a period of time up to now. I've been to Greece. = before now; we don't know when He's worked in a restaurant. = before now; we don't know when We often use ever and never with the present perfect. Have you ever been to Canada? = in your life up to now I've never played basketball. = in my life up to now go to exercise 3.2 cover & check exercises 3.1 Fill the gaps with the correct past participle. 1 I've never________ (be) there. 2 Have you ever------------ (work) in a bank? 3 He's never________ (drive) his father's car. 4 Have you _ film? 5 I've never _ money. (see) that new (win) any 3.2 Make present perfect sentences using these key words. 1 you / ever / play / tennis? 2 she / visit / Italy / three times 3 I / never / see / The Taj Mahal 4 she / not / be / a football match 5 he / ever / lose / his passport? Write in pencil, then you can rub out your answers and do the exercise again later. language reference 155 present perfect v. past simple When you give more information about when or where something happened, you normally use the past simple. h Have you ever been to Brazil? B Yes, I went to Sao Paulo last year. A What did you do at the weekend? B I worked in the garden. I didn't buy anything at the supermarket yesterday. NOT I haven't bought I found a credit card in the street a couple of days ago. NOT IVe found go to exercise 3.3 For more information about the present perfect, go to p.167. 3.3 Complete the sentences with the present perfect or past simple. 1 i________ (go) to the cinema at the weekend. She_____ yesterday. He_____ (you ever live) abroad? ___ (not come) to class (never use) a computer. week? (they stay) with you last four this/that (one); these/those (ones) singular this (one) (near me) that lone) (not near me Which one? plural these (ones) (near me) those (ones) (not near me) Which ones? That one We can use one/ones when we don't want to repeat a noun. A Can you pass me that book? B This one? (NOT this-beek) A Yes. go to exercises 4.1 and 4.2 A I like those shoes. B Which ones? A Those green ones. will (1) Use will ('11) when you decide to do something. HI buy that car. (= you decided at that moment, not before) Use will to promise or offer or agree to do something. A My computer's not working. A This bag's heavy. B I'll look at it this afternoon. B OK, I'll carry it For more information on will, go to p J 62. go to exercise 4.3 156 language reference cover & check exercises 4.1 Circle the correct answer. 1 Do you know this / these people? 2 Can you give me that / those packet of spaghetti? 3 I don't like this / these one very much. 4 What's that / those? 5 Are this / these your glasses? 4.2 Write one in this dialogue four times. A Would you like a cake? B OK, thanks. A This looks very nice. B Which? A This here. B Yes, but I'm going to have that. Cover the grammar, then try the exercise. Check the grammar again to help you 4.3 What can you say in these situations? Use I'11... 1 Someone is carrying a heavy box. 2 Your mother has got a headache. 3 Your friend is feeling very thirsty. 4 Your friend doesn't know where the station is. 5 Someone knocks on the door. phrasal verbs (1) A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb (or preposition). sit down carry on take sth off look after sb/ sth Some phrasal verbs are intransitive - they don't need an object. He asked us to sit down. We can carry on with this exercise. Some phrasal verbs are transitive - they need an object. take off your shoes turn on the radio look after the children go to exercise 4.4 With some verbs, the object can go before or after the adverb. take your shoes off OR take off your shoes turn the radio on OR turn on the radio With some verbs the object cannot go before the adverb. look after the children / them NOT look the children / them after look for my book / it NOT look my book / it for But with these verbs, a pronoun must go before the adverb. take them off NOT take off them turn it on NOT turn erHt A dictionary tells you if you can put the object in two places, like this: * take sth off 1 to remove sth, especially clothes: Come in and take your I coat off. • look after sb/sth/yourself to be responsible for or take care of sb/sth/yourself: / want to go back to work if I can find somebody to look after the children. entries from Oxford Wordpower Dictionary ISBN 0194315169 take sth off = the object can go in two places look after sb/sth = the object must go at the end go to exercise 4.5 4.4 Fill the gaps with a suitable noun, if necessary. If no noun is necessary, put -. Please turn on_____ We can carry on___ Could you look after Please take off_____ Please, could you sit down 4.5 Correct the errors. Be careful: two sentences are correct. 1 I'll look the children after. 2 Can you turn on the radio? 3 Please turn off it. 4 Don't take your shoes off. 5 I'm looking my pen for. For a change, do an exercise quickly in your head. too I very, too much/ many too and very + adjective Too means 'more than we want or need or like'. Compare: It's very hot today. I love hot weather. It's too hot today. I feel terrible. go to exercise 4.6 4.6 Tick / the correct sentences. 1 D I can't buy that house because it's too expensive. 2 D This drink is too cold - lovely! 3 n We did well in the test, but it was too difficult. 4 D I didn't go to the party; I was too tired. 5 D He's only 12; he's very young to drive a car. Language reference 157 too much 1 too many + noun countable noun uncountable noun There are too many chairs. people. 1 ate too many chocolates. There's too much money, sugar. 1 drank too much cola. 1 don't feel well. go to exercise 4.7 4.7 Write too, too much, or too many. 1 2 1 homework rhildren time 4 5 6 7 tired problems people sugar 8 expensive five obligation and permission have to + verb present tense positive and negative forms I / You / Vfe / They have to go. don't have to leave. He / She/ It has to finish now. doesn't have to stay. Notice that the negative of have to is don't have to NOT haven't to. past tense positive and negative forms ______| questions questions Do I have to go? Does he have to stop? I/You/He/She/It/We/They short answers had to go. didn't have to go. Did they have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don't. Yes, I did. No, I didn't. Use have to to talk about obligation: things that are necessary and important. Have to is similar to must, but in spoken English you use have to more often than must. You have to wear a seatbelt when you're driving. = it's necessary I don't have to go to school today. = it isn't necessary Do I have to get there before 9 o'clock? = is it necessary? She had to start work at 8 o'clock yesterday. = it was necessary He didn't have to get there early. = it wasn't necessary Compare: You don't have to give him a present. = it's not necessary You mustn't give him a present. = it's not permitted; you can't cover & check exercises 5.1 Replace the underlined words using the correct form of have to. 1 It's necessary for you to find a job soon. 2 It isn't necessary for me to leave home before 8 o'clock. 3 Is it necessary for me to change trains? 4 It wasn't necessary for me to take a taxi. 5 Was it necessary for you to pay to go into the museum? 5.2 Change these sentences using the correct form of have got to. 1 I have to work late today. 2 Do we have to return the books? 3 He doesn't have to go back this evening. 4 What time do you have to be there? 5 She has to phone her mother. Write in pencil, then you can rub out your answers and do the exercise again later. 158 Language reference natural English have got to In spoken and informal written English, we often use have got to in place of have to, but not in the past (NOT I had got to). I've got to finish this essay today. We've got to be there at 6 o'clock. She hasn't got to go to work tomorrow. Have you got to do any homework tonight? I had got to take the book back yesterday. go to exercises 5.1 and 5.2 can / can't + verb positive and negative forms I/You/He/She/It/We/They questions can go. NOT can to go can't (cannot) leave. Can I go? Can we stop now? Cannot is normally only used in writing. short answers Yes, you can. No, you can't. Use can /can't to talk about things that are possible/not possible. Vou can walk into town from here. We can't go out until it stops raining. Can I get something to eat here? When something is 'possible', it often means it is 'permitted'. We can eat our lunch in here. = it's possible because it is permitted We can't smoke in here. = it's not possible because it isn't permitted Can I open the window? = is it possible/permitted? go to exercise 5.3 articles (2) You don't normally use the with these phrases: go to school / university (= to study) I go to school at 8 o'clock, go to work (= to work) I always go to work by car. go (in)to hospital (= because you are ill) He went into hospital last night, go to church (= for a service) She went to church yesterday. BUT you can use the when you are talking about the 'building'. I'm going to the university tonight to meet some friends. I went to the hospital to visit my mother. go to exercise 5.4 Make a note of any differences between this grammar and your language. 5.3 Fill the gaps with can, can't, have to, or don't have to. play loud music after 1 You ______ 11.00 p.m. 2 I------------ go now - my father is waiting for me. 3 You ------------wear a suit-jeans are OK. 4 If the weather is OK, we ________ walk to the station. 5 We------------ study in here - the teacher wants to use the room. 6 ------------ I open the window? It's hot in here. 7 You ------------ pay now - tomorrow is fine. 8 The shops are closed so we ________ buy it now. 9 We ________go out when it stops raining. 10 I------------ finish my homework first; then we ________go out. 5.4 Fill the gaps with a suitable goto ... phrase. 1 I sometimes _________________with my boss, in her car. 2 She wants to _____ study medicine. 3 My father has to __ to he has a heart problem. 4 My children usually ------------------------- by bus. 5 My parents _________________ every Sunday morning; I sometimes go with them. Is this grammar the same in your language? If not, make a note of the difference. language reference 159 articles (3) You often use the + noun to talk about places in a country. I'm from the south-west. She lives in the capital. The north coast is beautiful. I'm goingto the seaside / the mountains / the coast / the country this weekend. You can use the + noun to talk about the weather. The weather is fantastic at the moment. I love sitting in the sun(shine). 1 couldn't sleep because of the wind. The rain stopped and we went out. Use the for these places: oceans, seas, rivers, deserts the Pacific the Red Sea The Nile the Sahara groups of mountains/islands the Alps the Bahamas some countries the USA the united Kingdom the Czech Republic Don't use a/the for these places: continents, most countries, states Asia Argentina California lakes and most single mountains Lake Victoria Mount Fuji towns, streets, squares Budapest Baker Street Parliament Square go to exercise 6.1 cover & check exercises 6.1 Cross out any words which are not necessary. Be careful: some sentences are correct. 1 Maria comes from the South America. 2 I prefer the south to the north. 3 He lives near the Red Square. 4 The capital of the France is Paris. 5 The north-east the coast is very cold. 6 I've been to the Mount Kilimanjaro. 7 Shall we go to the Andes? 8 Have you been to the Cairo? 9 I had to wait in the rain. 10 The Russia is in the Europe. Cover the grammar, then try the exercise. Look at the grammar again if you're not sure. comparative and superlative adjectives One-syllable adjectives and some two-syllable adjectives: adjective comparative superlative notes cheap cheaper(than) the cheapest one-syllable adjectives: +-er/+-est nice nicer the nicest one-syllable adjectives ending in -e; +-r / +-sr hot hotter the hottest short adjectives ending in one vowel and one consonant: double the consonant, +-er / +-est friendly friendlier the friendliest adjectives ending in -y: change -y to -/, +-er / +-est quiet quieter the quietest a few two-syllable adjectives: +-er/+-est Many two-syllable adjectives, e.g useful and polite, and longer adjectives: adjective comparative superlative notes crowded more crowded the most crowded -ed adjectives take more/ the most boring more boring the most boring -ing adjectives take more j the most expensive more expensive the most expensive industrial more industrial the most industrial 6.2 Write the comparative and superlative forms for each adjective. 1 long 2 dangerous 3 happy 4 safe 5 fat 6 traditional 7 wet 8 interesting 9 good 10 useful 160 language reference Some comparative and superlative forms are irregular. adjective comparative superlative notes good bad better worse the best the worst go to exercise 6.2 superlative adjectives You use superlatives to compare people/things with all the other people/ things of their group. Always use the with superlatives. Neema Arun Ravi's the shortest in the family. Neema's the tallest Notice the preposition: the tallest building in the world NOT of the world go to exercise 6.3 comparative adjectives You use comparatives to compare people/things. Arun's taller than Ravi. Arun's shorter than Neema. Neema's taller than the other two. Use than after a comparative. He's older than me. N0T*hat-me go to exercise 6.4 natural English not as + comparative In spoken English, you can use not as + adjective to compare two people/ things. i; A I prefer cats to dogs. I A It rains more in the west than the east, ß Yes, but cats aren't as friendly ■ j B Yes, but it's not as windy (as in the east), .as do£s). = dogs are friendlier 6.3 Fill the gaps with the most suitable superlative form. 1 I really like talking to her; she's —---------------------person in the class, (interesting / boring) 2 I didn't have much money, so I bought_________________ car. (cheap / expensive) 3 There are too many people - it's -------------------------city in the world. (crowded / quiet) 4 The Sahara is________________place I've ever been to. (hot / industrial). 5 He's -------------------------player in the team. He's really fantastic! (good / bad) 6.4 Write the missing word. 1 Was it last film? She's___ know. interesting than his youngest doctor I Who's the oldest 3............ ,,,_.,, ......__ 4 My new dentist is better my old one 5 English is _ Russian. the class? to learn than Language reference 161 will, be going to, might + verb for prediction positive and negative forms l/WHe/She/!t/We/They short answers 'II (will) go. won't (will not) go. might go. might not go. questions Will you/he/they go? Ves, I / he / they will / might. No, I/he/they won't/ might not. positive and negative forms He/She/It We/WThey short answers 'm/'mnot 's/isn't 're/Ve not (aren't) going to do it. questions Are you going to do it? Is he / she going to do it? Ves, I am. Yes, he is. Ves, they are. No, I'm not. No, he isn't. No, they aren't. When you are saying /guessing what you think will happen in the future, you can use will or be going to with the same meaning. I think it'll rain later. \ same meaning I think it's going to rain later. j She won't marry David. = I'm certain. She isn't going to marry David. = I'm certain. You can use probably to say you are about 75% sure. Notice the position of probably in these sentences: We'll probably be late. He probably won't come. We're probably going to be late. You can use might + verb to say you are about 50% sure. It might rain tomorrow. NOT It might to rain. go to exercises 6.5 and 6.6 6.5 Use be going to in place of the underlined words. 1 Who will win the match? 2 Will she get a better job? 3 I'm sure we won't be late. 4 You'll feel better tomorrow. 5 I'll marry a tall, handsome man. 6.6 Order the words to make sentences. 1 will / rain / tomorrow / it? 2 a / to / footballer / is / be / going / he? 3 am / to / not /1 / this / finish / going / tonight 4 won't / before / we / home / probably / arrive / seven / o'clock 5 future / might / at / home / people / in / the / work For a change, do an exercise orally with a partner 162 Language reference seven phrasal verbs (2) For information on the grammar of phrasal verbs go to p.157. With some phrasal verbs the meaning is similar to the main verb. stand up is similar to 'stand' wake up is similar to 'wake' But often the meaning is different. take off (your coat) is different from 'take' turn on (the light) is different from 'turn5 With many phrasal verbs there is also more than one meaning. The plane couldn't take off. = leave the ground You can take off your jacket. = remove your jacket He promised to come but didn't turn up. = arrive Could you turn up the radio? = increase the volume natural EngHsh phrasal verbs in conversation Most phrasal verbs are more common in spoken English than in formal, written English. I went back to the shop, (more informal) I returned to the shop, (more formal) She never found out the truth, (more informal) She never discovered the truth, (more formal) go to exercise 7.1 cover & check exercises 7.1 Match the meanings below with the underlined phrasal verbs. stopped working continued arrived left the ground started a journey 1 We set off at 7.00 and got there at lunchtime. 2 I was really angry when she turned up late again. 3 The car broke down on my way to work today. 4 The helicopter took off in the field behind us. 5 I wanted to leave, but we carried on talking until midnight. Cover the grammar, then try the exercise. Check the grammar again to help you. past continuous positive and negative forms I/He/She/It You/We/They short answers wasln't) were(n't) waiting questions Was 1/he/she waiting? Were you / we/they waiting? Yes, 1/he /she was. No, I/he/she wasn't. spelling of-ing form Yes, you/we/they were. No, you / we / they weren't most verbs add -ing working/singing verbs ending -e č, add -ing come/ coming take /taking most verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant (but not verbs ending in -y, -w, or an unstressed vowel, e.g. open, visit) go to exercise 7.2 double the consonant, add -ing stop/stopping plan/planning 7.2 Correct any errors. Be careful: one sentence is correct. 1 Were he working? 2 They wasn't having dinner. 3 She was puting on her coat. 4 It wasn't raining. 5 Was leaving the doctor? language reference 163 You can use the past continuous with the past simple. The past continuous shows a longer action/situation. The past simple shows a shorter action which happened during the longer action/situation. walking -M met friend I met an old friend when I was walking to work yesterday. = I started walking before I met my friend. 'Walking* is a longer action. When I left the house, it was raining. = It started raining before I left the house. 'Raining' is a longer action. Someone rang the doorbell while I was talking on the phone. = I started talking on the phone before someone rang the doorbell. 'Talking' is a longer action. You often use when (= at that time) or while (= during that period) to link the past continuous and the past simple. When I got home, my sister was watching TV. = at that time (NOT while I got home) I met Henry while \ I was living in Rome. = during that period when j = at that time You can also use the past continuous to describe the background to a story. J was looking out of the window. Two little girls were playing with a dog and an old lady was watching them. Suddenly, a man shouted, 'Look out!'. Compare: cutting the grass ■»* arrived When Jim arrived, Jackie was cutting the grass. = Jackie started cutting the grass before Jim arrived. cutting the grass -»* arrived When Jim arrived, Jackie cut the grass. =Jim arrived. Then Jackie started cutting the grass. go to exercise 7.3 and 7.4 7.3 Tick / the correct answer. 1 When I got to the café, my girlfriend was waiting for me. A D I arrived first. B D My girlfriend arrived first. 2 Steve was having a bath when the phone rang. A D Steve's bath was a longer action. B D The phone ringing was a longer action. 3 While we were staying at the hotel, someone took our passports. A D Staying at the hotel is background (less important) information. B D Someone taking the passports is background (less important) information. 7.4 Fill the gaps using the past simple or past continuous. 1 We ___________ (study) when Mary ___________. (arrive). 2 While she ---------------- (walk) in the mountains, she--------------— (find) some money. 3 He ___________ (phone) me while I (work). 4 Mark's parents the car when he ------------ the party. 5 She ___________ (lose) her keys (wait) in . (leave) while she (shop). Is this grammar the same in your language? If not, make a note of the difference. 164 language reference eight be going to, might, would like to + verb be going to + verb See p.162 for forms. might + verb See p.162 for forms. would like to + verb positive form questions 1/WHe/She/lt / We/ They M (would) Kke to go. Would you like to go? The negative form wouldn't like to is not as common. short answers Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't. You can use be going to + verb to talk about things you intend/plan to do in the future. I'm going to work in New Vork in the summer. Is she going to take the train to Paris? You can use might + verb to talk about possible plans/intentions. We might visit my uncle when we're in Vienna. = it's possible but not sure I might study medicine next year. = I don't know at the moment but it's a possibility You can use would like to + verb for things you want to do. I'd Hke to go to that concert on Saturday. Would you Hke to go to university? Would like to is a bit more polite and less direct than want to. go to exercises 8.1 and 8.2 cover & check exercises 8.1 Correct the errors. Be careful: one sentence is correct. 1 I might to see them this evening. 2 Do you like to go swimming this weekend? 3 What time you going to see them? 4 She isn't going to get a job in the summer. 5 I'd like watch the match tomorrow. 8.2 Complete the dialogues with the correct short answer. 1 A Are you going to see the game? B Yes, I______ 2 A Would you like to go? B No, I______ 3 A Is he going to visit her? B No, he______ 4 A Do you think she might go? B Yes, she______ 5 A Would they like to stay? B Yes, they______ When you've finished an exercise, say the sentences aloud. articles (4) definite article [the)i or no article When you talk about people / things in general, you don't normally use the with plural nouns or uncountable nouns. Children are noisy. = children in general NOT The children arc noisy. Fruit is expensive in the winter. = fruit in general Sport is very popular in my country. = sport in general When you talk about specific people or things, you need the. The children in my class were very noisy this morning. The fruit I bought yesterday was lovely. The sport I like most is football. go to exercise 8.3 8.3 Fill the gaps with the or nothing (-). 1 I think_____ sport is important for your health. 2 Did you see_____news on TV this morning? 3 _____ girls aren't usually interested in football. 4 I gave it to _____ girls who live next door. 5 _____ music helps people to relax. language reference 165