INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDELÁVANÍ PROSTŘEDKY TEXTOVÉ NÁVAZNOSTI (PTN) Prostředky textové návaznosti (PTN) jsou konkrétní realizací koherence textu. Často si pod pojmem prostředky textové návaznosti představujeme pouze spojky a spojovací výrazy, ale jejich škála je mnohem větší. Může se jednat o prostředky jak lexikální, gramatické, tak i syrjlaJílické. Mezi prostředky textové návazností patří zejména: y konektory vyjadřující významové vztahy,, tzv, transition words and phrases - jedná se o slova nebo fráze, které napomáhají propojení myšlenek v rámci věty, odstavce nebo celého textu a které mohou vyjadřovat např.: čas/časovou souslednost 1 afterwards, as soon as, before, then, until, meanwhile, next, eventually atd. místo at the left, where, in the middle, between, opposite, in the background atd. doplnění and, in addition, furthermore, besides, too, also atd. kontrast but, however, in spite of, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary atd. srovnání/podobnost also, similarly, in comparison, likewise atd. příklad for example, namely, to illustrate, in other words, such as atd. připustku although, though, even though, in spite of atd. důraz above all, of course, certainly, in fact atd. upřesnění actually, as a matter of fact atd. důsledek, výsledek so that, consequently, for this reason, so, because, since, due to atd. shrnutí therefore, finally, so, in conclusion, as a result, all in all, to sum up atd. > reference^členy, ukazovací zájmena, determinátory substantiv a jmenných frází (noun phrases) např.: / saw John yesterday. He was wearing a blue coat. He was standing at the back of the corridor. I decided to go there and have a look... We are moving to a new house. The house is so big... > spojky - např. and, as, but, or, since, though, therefore atd. > lexikální PTN (např. použití synonym, hypo-/hyperonym atd.) o synonyma My father has a car. The vehicle is rather old. o hyponyma (slova podřazená) a jsou nahrazena hyperonymy (slovy nadřazenými) My friend has got a dog. The animal is really playful and lively. Oaks are the most typical trees for this region. These trees are sometimes hundreds of years old... Transitions & Linking Words Transitions and linking words perform on important function in writing They signal to the reader the direction the writer is taking. They do this by connecting or linking ideas within c paragraph and providing a bridge between paragraphs. Remember to proofread the writing assignment to make sure transitions are used effectively. To show addition: additionally again a I so and, another besides finally first, second, etc further furthermore modentallv lastly likewise moreover next nor too along with as well equally important for example for instance in addition whet's more To show time: about after afterward at before currently during eventually finally first, etc. following formerly immediately later meanwhile next next week previously soon subsequently then thereafter till today,eTc until when afTer a few hours as soon as in the future soon after To show location: above across adjacent against along among along among around behind below beneath beside between beyond by* down inside into here neo-nearby off onto outside over there throughout under away from aT the side in the back in back of in the background in the distance in the front m the foreground on top of to the right To show comparison: also GS iike likewise meanwhile similarly Simultaneously after all at the same time by and large in componson m the same way in the some manner in the same way Language Focus: Linking Words and Phrases Linking1 words and phrases can help a writer maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas. Table 1 lists some of the more common linking words and phrases, arranged according to their function and grammatical use. Sentence connectors raise a small, but important issue, namely punctuation. The flowchart in figure 2 can help you choose appropriate punctuation. TABLE 1. Linking Words and Phrases Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase Linkers Addition Adversative Cause and Effect Clarification Contrast Illustration I n t ensific ati on although even though despite the fact that because since while whereas furthermore in addition moreover however nevertheless therefore as a result consequently hence thuB* in other words that is i.e. in contrast however on the other hand conversely for example for instance on the contrary as a matter of fact in fact in addition to despite in spite of because of due to as a result of unlike Punctuation depends on the type of initiator m the second clause. Conjunction and, but, or Connector however, thus, also ., . Subordinator because, if, while ... Use a comma. Use a semicolon or period. Use a comma. Birds fly, but fish swim. Birds fly; however, fish swim, Birds fly, while fish swim. If there is no second clause initiator (such as but, if, or hence), punctuation depends on the type of clause being joined. Nonfinite + Finite Finite + Finite Finite + Nonfinite Use a comma. Use a semicolon. Use a comma. Iiis theory being wrong, he lost the argument. His theory was wrong; he lost the argument. I He lost the J argument, his j theory being Fig. 2. Punctuation •Note that thus may also be used in nonfinite claujee cf reauit. The scandal deepened, thus causing the Minister U> resign. Connectives The main connectives are grouped below according to the similarity of their meaning with the three basic connectives and, or, but. For information about their use in sentences, you should look in a good dictionary. 1 and A listing 1 enumeration 2 addition J a reinforcement h equation B transition C summation D apposition E result F inference 2 or G reformulation H replacement 3 but I contrast J concession 1 and A Listing: 1 Enumeration indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. Most enumerations belong to clearly defined sets: first, . . . y furthermore . .. )|fina]ly,...) one, ... y two, — y three, . . first(ly),. 7Ty second(ly), ... ^ third(ly), -TTy above all , , , , , .. , last but not least ' mar'; r"e cn<* ° an ascenmng order first and foremost , . . . . . , ,. z. . /1 i 1 mark the beginning ol a descending order first and most tmportant(iy) > & & t, to begin/start with, ■ ■ ■ ^ in the second place,. . . ^ moreover, . and to cone ude, . . . next, , . . . y then,. , Ty afterward, , . lastly/finally, ■ ■ ■ ^ 2 Addition, ro what has been previously indicated, a Reinforcement (includes confirmation): also again furthermore further moreover what is more then in addition besides above all too as well (as) b Equation (similarity with what has preceded): equally likewise similarly correspond ingly in the same way garr • Frprrj th|^int ofyiew;o£n fie ne^^ýeAuh^leňtSj' [w^re^^^pond ud«j*: The ťrúth.of á previous , J contradicted^ mďeeó^ wamm B Transition can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought: with reference/respect/regard to regarding let us (now) turn to . . . as for \ 0ftfn USC(j when discussing something briefly as to spoken language incidentally by the way come to think of it indicates a digression and an afterthought talking/speaking of . . . (informal) apropos . . . (formal) that reminds me . . . to introduce a digression C Summation indicates a generalisation or summing-up of what has preceded: in conclusion to conclude-to sum up briefly in brief to summarise altogether overall then therefore thus D Apposition is used to refer back to previous sentences or to parallel or related references: i.e., that is, that's to say viz. namely in other words or, or rather, or better and as follows e.g. for example, for instance, say, such as, including, included, especially, particularly, in particular, notably, chiefly, mainly, mostly (of) The relationships that these phrases can express include: reformulation (see 2A below), exemplification and particularisation. E Result expresses the consequence or result of what was said before: so therefore as a result/consequence the result/consequence is/was . . . accordingly consequently now then because of this/that thus hence for this/that reason F Inference indicates a deduction from what is implicit in the preceding sentence(s): then in other words in that case else otherwise / e