Explanations
■ So (that)
We can use 50 that to express purpose (the reason why someone does something). So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would. The police locked the door so (that) no-one could get in.
■ Infinitive of purpose
We can also use to to express purpose. The subject of the main clause and of the purpose clause must be the same.
lack went to England so that he could study engineering.
lack went to England to study engineering.   (NOT for to study) If the two subjects are different, we can't use fo. We have to use so that.
Jack went to England so that his brother would have some help working in
the restaurant.
m In order to, so as to
These are more formal ways of expressing purpose.
Scientists used only local materials, in order to save money. There are also negative forms: in order not to, so as not to.
The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm the villagers.
m Tor
This describes how something is used. This button is for starting the engine. This is for the lights.
■ So, such a
So is used with an adjective or adverb.
Jim was so tall (that) he hit his head on the ceiling.
Jim drove so quickly (that) they reached the station twenty minutes early. Such a is used with adjective + singular noun.
Helen is such a busy person (that) she never feels bored.
*  So many, so much, so few, so little
So many/few are used with plural nouns. So much/little are used with uncountable nouns.
There were so many passengers (that) we couldn't find a seat. There was so much noise (that) I didn't get to sleep until 3 a.m.
■ Too/Not enough + to
Too means more than is necessary or good. Not enough means less than is necessary or good. They can both be used with an adjective + fo. Compare:
The bookcase was too big to get down the stairs.
The bookcase was not small enough to get down the stairs.
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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Contrast ■ Although, though, even though
Although often becomes though in speech. Though can come at the end of a
sentence, although cannot.
Although I asked her, she didn't come.        (speech and writing) Though I asked her, she didn't come. (speech) / asked her, (but) she didn't come, though, (speech)
Even though gives a stronger contrast than although.
Even though I asked her, she didn't come,   (which was really surprising)
■ While, whereas
While and whereas are used in formal speech and writing. They compare two facts and emphasize the difference between them.
While United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless.
■ However, nevertheless
However is a way of expressing contrast in formal speech or writing. It can go at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence, and is separated by a comma (or a pause in speech).
Normally we don't refund money without a receipt. However, on this occasion
Til do it.
Normally we don't refund money without a receipt. On this occasion, however, I'll do it.
Nevertheless is a very formal way of expressing however.
I'm not happy with your work. Nevertheless, I'm going to give you one last chance.
m Despite and in spite of
These expressions are followed by a noun (including the -ing form used as a noun), and not by a clause (subject + verb).
In spite of the rain, we went out.  (Although it was raining, we went out.)
Despite losing, we celebrated.       (Although we lost, we celebrated.)
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GRAMMAR 13   LINKING WORDS 1
Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence.
a) Janet went out 50 that she bought/to buy Harry a present.
b) This food is much too hot to eat/to be eaten.
c) However/Though it was late, I decided to phone Brian.
d) Although/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition.
e) Let's check once more, for being/so as to be sure.
f) We could go to the club. Is it worth it, even though/though?
g) It was so windy/such a windy that half the trees had blown down.
h) The batteries were not enough small/too small to fit the radio.
i) Despite of the weather/the weather, we went sailing.
j) Bill had so much/so that fun that he stayed another week.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
a) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television, to
a new television.
b) You use this to open wine bottles.
for
This
wine bottles.
c) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold, would
I put the food in the fridge ..................................................
d) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus.
cold.
as
Harry
to miss the bus.
e) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike, could
I saved up some money................................
a motorbike.
f) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money, order
Jane gave up smoking ........................................................
money.
g) I came here so that I could see you.
to
I
you.
77
FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
3    Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.
a) Sam lost his job because he was lazy.
Sam was .J.P.J^Y..th^^..h!r..l:^P..h^.JA^:..^
b) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive.
The house was too..................................................................................
c) The book was so interesting that 1 couldn't put it down.
It was ......................................................................................................
d) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech.
There was so ...........................................................................................
e) The house was too small to live in comfortably.
The house wasn't....................................................................................
f) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time.
There is too ............................................................................................
g) I can't come to your party because I'm too busy.
I'm too....................................................................................................
h) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students. There were so .........................................................................................
Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
a) I couldn't run fast to catch the shoplifter.
b) They were.....................good roads that we could drive at high speed.
c) It was.....................dark that I couldn't see a thing.
d) The trousers were.....................long enough to fit Jean.
e) We had.....................a good time that we decided to go there again.
f) It was.....................late that we couldn't get a bus home.
g) I took a taxi as it was.....................far to walk.
h) The ladder wasn't tall.....................to reach the window.
i) There are.....................lovely fish that you don't feel like eating meat.
j) There were.....................many dishes that I couldn't make up my mind.
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GRAMMAR 13   LINKING WORDS 1
5 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. Two sentences should be rewritten as one.
a) Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk. Although   M. Hjt fltt 2*te*t£ f^X..^..^^:
b) John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths.
While.............................................................................................................
c) I tried to persuade her. 1 didn't succeed, however.
Although .......................................................................................................
d) It was raining, but I went swimming anyway.
In spite of ......................................................................................................
e) Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work.
Despite...........................................................................................................
f) In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost the race.
Although .......................................................................................................
g) I'm not going to pay, although I know that I should.
While ............................................................................................................
h) We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn't.
Even though Larry ........................................................................................
6 Explain what each object is for, using one of the verbs in the box.
lock      paint      stick      clean      keep      open      put wash
a) brush
It's for painting. Mj^Sfx.
b) glue
c) fridge
d) sink
e) dustbin
f) toothbrush
g) corkscrew
h) key
79
FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.
Goodwriters... A course for you! Jane was one of those students who has problems with writing. First, her handwriting it was so bad
that most teachers couldn't to read it. The letters were 1)
so small, that the words were extremely difficult to 2)
read. Even though she tried to change her handwriting, 3)
she felt discouraged. Secondly, she made so the many 4)
mistakes in spelling and punctuation, so that her work 5)
always gave a bad impression. As well as this, she 6)
had problems with organizing her writing, in despite 7)
making plans and writing notes. One day, though, she 8)
took a Goodwriter writing course, so to learn how to 9)
be an effective writer. At Goodwriters we taught her 10)
how to organize her ideas. Although however she found 11)
it difficult at first, so she soon made progress. She 12)
learned to revise her writing, so as to improve it. 13)
She started reading so too much that her spelling 14)
improved, so while her handwriting became clearer too. 15)
It
Key points
2
3
The infinitive of purpose must have the same subject as the main clause.
/ went to the shops. I wanted to buy some fruit.
I went to the shops to buy some fruit. We do not use for in examples like this.
In order to is more common in formal speech and writing. In normal conversation we just use to.
Contrasts with while, whereas and nevertheless are used in formal speech and writing.
Grammar 15: Consolidation] Grammar 32: Linking words!
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