Practice 150 But, although, in spite of, whereas, etc. 1 But, although and however We can join two sentences with but. The cafe was crowded, but we found a table. Nick has a car, but he doesn't often drive it. But expresses a contrast or conflict between two ideas. We can also use although. Although the cafe was crowded, we found a table. Although Nick has a car, he doesn't often drive it. The clause with although can come at the end. We found a table, although the cafi was crowded. However is a little formal. The new system was supposed to be more efficient. However, in practice it caused chaos./In practice, however, it caused chads. 2 Though and even though Though is informal. It means the same as although. Though/Although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it. We can also use though at the end of a sentence. I liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it, though. Even though is stronger, more emphatic than although. Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he'd been playing squash. Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try to be nice to her. 3 In spite of and despite We use in spite of before a noun or before the ing-form of a verb. Kitty wanted to report on the war in spite of the danger. Mark went on working in spite of feeling unwell. We use despite in exactly the same way as in spite of and with the same meaning. She wanted to go despite the danger. He went on working despite feeling unwell. 4 In spite of and although IN SPITE OF I'm no better in spite of the pills/in spite of taking the pills. Laura wants to fly in spite of her fear/in spite of feeling afraid. NOT in spite of she feels afraid ALTHOUGH I'm no better, although I've taken the pills. Laura wants to fly, although she feels afraid. We can use in spite of the fact (that) in the same way as although. I'm no better in spite of the fact that I've taken the pills. 5 Whereas, while and on the other hand We use these words to express a comparison between two ideas. United are top of the league, whereas City are bottom. Yesterday it was freezing cold, while today it's quite warm. The flat is conveniently located. On the other hand, there's a lot of noise from the traffic./ There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from the traffic. Sometimes either but or whereas is possible. The red pills make me feel sick, but/whereas the blue ones don't. A But (2) Complete each sentence with but and one of these clauses: it didrft^reak, it's really quite modern, no one laughed, she turned it down ► I dropped the dish, but 1 The house looks old, 2 Emma was offered a job, 3 The joke was funny, ..... i.~t didi\ -fc breAk. B In spite of and although (4) Put in although or in spite of. > 1 2 3 4 5 My sister got the job, though she didn't expect to. ....................................I told the absolute truth, no one would believe me. Daniel forgot his passport ....................having it on his list. ........................... it was sunny, it was quite a cold day. The goods were never delivered....................the promise we had received. Henry asked Claire to marry him.................. the fact that he's a lot older than her. C But, although, however, even though, in spite of, and despite (1-4) Complete the report by putting in the correct linking words. There is always more than one possible answer. (►) Alttipw^K . the ground was very wet, it was decided to go ahead with United's game against City. United were 1-0 winners (1)......................not playing very well. (2) .. . .............the poor conditions, City played some attractive football, (3)...............they just couldn't score. (4) ...................................they lost, their fans gave them a big cheer. D Although, even though, in spite of and despite (1-4) Join each pair of sentences. Be careful where you put the words in brackets. ► Nick used to smoke. He seems to be in good health, (although) Al-tkoiA^h Nick ufed to SMpke., he. s&£imS to be. ir\ ^pod tieAlth. ► 1 couldn't sleep. I was tired, (despite) I cowldiy t slee.f> despite, bejiyj tirad. 1 Trevor didn't notice the sign. It was right in front of him. (even though) Matthew doesn't know any French. It was one of his school subjects, (although) Henry's friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money, (despite) We couldn't get tickets. We queued for an hour, (in spite of) Whereas, on the other hand, in spite of and although (4-5) Put one of the linking words into each of these sentences. ► A) thoi^ri......it was rush-hour time, the roads weren't at all busy. 1 I always spend money when I have it. My brother, ............. 2 1 managed to do some studying ....................... all the noise. 3 People are friendly in the North,............... in London ., is very careful. no one speaks to you. page 360 • linking words linking words • page 361 151 To, in order to, so that and for 1 Introduction We use to, in order to, so that and for to express purpose, to say why we do things. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper. 2 To We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose. Meianie was hurrying to catch her bus. Most people work to earn money. I rang to find out the train times. We went to the library to get some books. In order to and so as to In order to and so as to are more formal than to. The government took these measures in order to reduce crime. The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to. Meianie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus. The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. We cannot use not to on its own. She was hurrying to catch her bus. not She was hurrying not to miss her bus. So that Look at this example. I'll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel's birthday. After so that we use a subject and verb, e.g. it gets. We often use will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose. I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right. I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right. To or for? We can use for with a noun to say why we do something. The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. Why don't you come over for coffee? To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form. This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter. This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. But we do not use for + an ing-form to talk about a specific action. I put the heater on to keep the plants warm. NOT I put the heater on for keeping the plants warm: Practice A To (2) Complete each sentence using to and these words: cash acheque, finance her studies, go to sleep, hear the football results, look smart Laura went to the bank .to cash a .cheque. Mrs Miles sometimes takes a pill Tom turned on the radio ........................... Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit Jessica is borrowing some money B ► 1 2 3 4 In order to and so as to (3) Alan works for Zedco. He wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience. ACTION PURPOSE ► study the market -* be more successful 1 get to work earlier ■» impress the boss 2 work harder -* achieve more 3 take risks be a winner 4 think positively -* not miss any opportunities Say what Alan is going to do. Use either in order to or so as to. Both are correct. ► MC- -; jjp|ftj to ftwdy tine.„wt£t ii\ order to be wore swccessTUI. 1 ................ 2 3 4 To, for and so that (2, 4, 5) Comment on what each person says. Use the word in brackets. ► llona: I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. (to) \\om \i leArM^j t»yjli