Practice
150 But, although, in spite of, whereas, etc.
1 But, although and however
We can join two sentences with but.
The cafe was crowded, but we found a table.   Nick has a car, but he doesn't often drive it. But expresses a contrast or conflict between two ideas. We can also use although.
Although the cafe was crowded, we found a table.  Although Nick has a car, he doesn't often drive it. The clause with although can come at the end.
We found a table, although the cafi was crowded. However is a little formal.
The new system was supposed to be more efficient. However, in practice it caused chaos./In practice,
however, it caused chads.
2 Though and even though
Though is informal. It means the same as although.
Though/Although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it. We can also use though at the end of a sentence.
I liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it, though. Even though is stronger, more emphatic than although.
Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he'd been playing squash.
Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try to be nice to her.
3 In spite of and despite
We use in spite of before a noun or before the ing-form of a verb.
Kitty wanted to report on the war in spite of the danger.
Mark went on working in spite of feeling unwell. We use despite in exactly the same way as in spite of and with the same meaning.
She wanted to go despite the danger.    He went on working despite feeling unwell.
4 In spite of and although
IN SPITE OF I'm no better in spite of the pills/in spite of
taking the pills. Laura wants to fly in spite of her fear/in spite of feeling afraid.
NOT in spite of she feels afraid
ALTHOUGH
I'm no better, although I've taken the pills. Laura wants to fly, although she feels afraid.
We can use in spite of the fact (that) in the same way as although. I'm no better in spite of the fact that I've taken the pills.
5 Whereas, while and on the other hand
We use these words to express a comparison between two ideas. United are top of the league, whereas City are bottom. Yesterday it was freezing cold, while today it's quite warm.
The flat is conveniently located. On the other hand, there's a lot of noise from the traffic./ There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from the traffic. Sometimes either but or whereas is possible.
The red pills make me feel sick, but/whereas the blue ones don't.
A
But (2)
Complete each sentence with but and one of these clauses: it didrft^reak, it's really quite modern, no one laughed, she turned it down
► I dropped the dish, but
1 The house looks old,
2 Emma was offered a job,
3 The joke was funny, .....
i.~t didi\ -fc breAk.
B
In spite of and although (4)
Put in although or in spite of.
>
1
2
3
4
5
My sister got the job,    though she didn't expect to.
....................................I told the absolute truth, no one would believe me.
Daniel forgot his passport ....................having it on his list.
........................... it was sunny, it was quite a cold day.
The goods were never delivered....................the promise we had received.
Henry asked Claire to marry him.................. the fact that he's a lot older than her.
C But, although, however, even though, in spite of, and despite (1-4)
Complete the report by putting in the correct linking words. There is always more than one possible answer.
(►) Alttipw^K . the ground was very wet, it was decided to go ahead with United's game against City. United were 1-0 winners (1)......................not playing very well.
(2) .. . .............the poor conditions, City played some attractive football,
(3)...............they just couldn't score. (4) ...................................they lost,
their fans gave them a big cheer.
D Although, even though, in spite of and despite (1-4)
Join each pair of sentences. Be careful where you put the words in brackets.
► Nick used to smoke. He seems to be in good health, (although) Al-tkoiA^h Nick ufed to SMpke., he. s&£imS to be. ir\ ^pod tieAlth.
► 1 couldn't sleep. I was tired, (despite)
I cowldiy t slee.f> despite, bejiyj tirad. 1   Trevor didn't notice the sign. It was right in front of him. (even though)
Matthew doesn't know any French. It was one of his school subjects, (although) Henry's friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money, (despite) We couldn't get tickets. We queued for an hour, (in spite of)
Whereas, on the other hand, in spite of and although (4-5)
Put one of the linking words into each of these sentences.
►   A) thoi^ri......it was rush-hour time, the roads weren't at all busy.
1 I always spend money when I have it. My brother, .............
2 1 managed to do some studying ....................... all the noise.
3 People are friendly in the North,............... in London
., is very careful.
no one speaks to you.
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151 To, in order to, so that and for
1 Introduction
We use to, in order to, so that and for to express purpose, to say why we do things. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper.
2 To
We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose.
Meianie was hurrying to catch her bus.    Most people work to earn money. I rang to find out the train times.    We went to the library to get some books.
In order to and so as to
In order to and so as to are more formal than to.
The government took these measures in order to reduce crime.
The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to.
Meianie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.
The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. We cannot use not to on its own.
She was hurrying to catch her bus. not She was hurrying not to miss her bus.
So that
Look at this example.
I'll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel's birthday. After so that we use a subject and verb, e.g. it gets.
We often use will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose. I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right. I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right.
To or for?
We can use for with a noun to say why we do something.
The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. Why don't you come over for coffee? To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form.
This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter.
This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. But we do not use for + an ing-form to talk about a specific action.
I put the heater on to keep the plants warm. NOT I put the heater on for keeping the plants warm:
Practice
A To (2)
Complete each sentence using to and these words:
cash acheque, finance her studies, go to sleep, hear the football results, look smart Laura went to the bank .to cash a .cheque. Mrs Miles sometimes takes a pill
Tom turned on the radio ...........................
Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit Jessica is borrowing some money
B
►
1
2
3
4
In order to and so as to (3)
Alan works for Zedco. He wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience.
	ACTION	PURPOSE
►	study the market	-*     be more successful
1	get to work earlier	■»     impress the boss
2	work harder	-*     achieve more
3	take risks	be a winner
4	think positively	-*     not miss any opportunities
Say what Alan is going to do. Use either in order to or so as to. Both are correct.
►   MC- -; jjp|ftj to ftwdy tine.„wt£t ii\ order to be wore swccessTUI.
1 ................
2
3
4
To, for and so that (2, 4, 5)
Comment on what each person says. Use the word in brackets.
► llona: I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. (to) \\om \i leArM^j t»yjli<fl<i to <^et a, better job.
► Claude: I study encyclopedias. Then I can answer quiz questions, (so that) Ckwde studies encyclopedia so tUt he. ca<\ Answer ^wit question?.
► Vicky: I'm saving up. I'm planning a holiday, (for) Vicky if SAviiy^ Up Tor a fipltdAy.
1   Nick: I keep a dog. It guards the house, (to)
2 David: I'm going to be very careful. Then I won't have an accident, (so that)
3 Jessica: I'm going on a diet. I want to lose weight, (to)
4 Trevor: I often switch off the heating. It saves money, (to)
5 Sarah: I had to go to Birmingham. I had a business meeting, (for)
6 Emma: I wore boots because I didn't want my feet to get wet. (so that)
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Practice
152 Review of linking words
1 Time words
Look at these examples with when, while, as soon as, etc. My leg hurts when I walk. (= at the time 1 walk)
Mark heard the news on the radio as/while he was driving home. (= during the time he was driving)
We're going to tidy up after everyone's gone. (= later than everyone goes)
As soon as Laura had left the house, it started to rain. ( = immediately after she had left)
J must get to the post office before it closes. (- earlier than it closes)
You have to wait until the light changes to green. (= up to the time it changes)
David hasn't been able to work since he broke his leg. (= from the time he broke his leg)
Remember that we use the Present Simple for future time after when, etc.
We say before it closes, until it changes, etc. (see Unit 27).
2 If, unless and in case
We use these words to express a condition (see Unit 148).
Rachel might buy a car if she passes her test. (She may or may not pass her test.)
You won't learn to use a keyboard properly unless you practise. (= if you don't practise)
We'd better start early in case there are traffic hold-ups. (= because there may be hold-ups)
3 But, although and in spite of
We use these words to express the idea of a contrast (see Unit 150). The jacket was nice, but it was too small for me.
Although the forecast said it woidd rain, it turned out to be a beautiful day. We still haven't got a sponsor in spite ofwriting/in spite of the fact that we've written to dozens of companies.
4 Reason
Here are some ways of expressing reason.
/ took a taxi because I had some luggage.    Since we've got some time, let's look around the museum.
As there was no evidence against him, the man was released. We hurried on, for it was getting late. For is rather literary.
We can also use these prepositions.
The match has been cancelled because of the weather. The shop was closed due to illness.
Owing to its remote situation, the village has no electricity supply. In view of the test results, we expect the drug to be approved.
5 Because and so
We use because to express the reason for something and so to express the result of something. I turned the heating on because it was cold.    Henry started jogging because his doctor told him to. It was cold, so I turned the heating on.    The stereo didn't work, so Vicky took it back to the shop.
6 To, in order to and so that
We use these words to express purpose (see Unit 151). Sarah went to Birmingham to meet a client. We're having to borrow money in order to pay our bills. I took the bread out of the freezer so that it woidd defrost.
A Time words (1)
Arlene Black's new CD is now available in the shops. Write the titles of her songs.
Use these words instead of the ones in brackets: as soon as, before, since, when, while, until
► Think of me (during the time) I'm away
1 I'll love you (up to the day) I die
2 I hear music (at the time) I see you
3 Come back {earlier than) I forget you
4 I've been sad (from the time) you left me
5 I fell in love (immediately after) we met
7?Hft.k. o-f Me. while. T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B Linking words (2-5)
Put in these words: although, because, but, due to, if, in case, in order to, in spite of, so, so that, unless
►  Olivia booked a babysitter *° ttat. she could go out for the evening.
............. it was late, Nick didn't seem in a hurry to leave.
They put video cameras in shops..................................stop people stealing things.
We decided not to go out for a meal ......... we were simply too tired.
.........................you're ready, we can start now.
Our room was very small,....................... we didn't really mind.
No one was watching the television, .................................| switched it off.
You can't drive a car ................................you've got a licence.
............................having absolutely no talent, Guy became a popular TV personality.
I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours I've made a mistake? 10   The road was closed ................... an accident.
Linking words (1-5)
Complete the conversation. Choose the correct linking word.
What are you going to do (►) aftejvteefeje you finish college, Rachel? Vicky and I will be off to the States (1) as soon as/in spite of this term is over. We're going to travel around, and we may go to Canada (2) spthat/to see some friends of Vicky's. We've been thinking about nothing else (3) sjnee/unti! we bought our plane tickets. It sounds great. How are you getting around in the States? By Greyhound bus. I know it takes longer than flying, (4) but/in spite of it'll be more interesting. We fly to LA and then we're taking the bus to New York. We're going to buy a special ticket (5) in order/so that we can go anywhere we like on the way. Yes, it's better by bus (6) berause/unless you can stop off at interesting places. Of course the bus will probably be tiring.
Maybe you should take plenty of money (7) if/in case you decide to fly instead. III have to be careful with my money (8) sjnce^p_that I've only just got enough. I'm hoping to stay out there (9) unless/until I have to come back and start my job in September. I'm really looking forward to the trip, (10) aJltm^h/berause I'll be sad to leave here. And what about you? What are you doing this summer?
I'd go away somewhere (11) if/in case I could afford to. But I'm working. I've got no money, (12) because/so I'll have to earn some. Rachel: Have you really got no money (13) aJth^gh/jnspjte of the fact that you've had a part-time job this term?
Daniel:   You know me, Rachel. If I've got money, I spend it.
Daniel Rachel
Daniel: Rachel
Daniel: Rachel: Daniel: Rachel:
Daniel:
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153 Links across sentences
1 Introduction
Rita:     You go to United's games, don't you, Tom?
You watch them on TV, too. Tom:    Well, I'm a fan. It's wonderful when United win.
On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose. Rita:     Why not have a change? After all, there are
other things in life. Tom:    Such as?
Rita:     There's mask, for example. Why don't you go
to a concert some time? Tom:    But I don't like classical music.
Look at the words and phrases too, on the other hand, after all and for example. They all make a link with an earlier sentence. When Rita says There's music, for example, she is giving an example of other things in life, which she has already mentioned.
2 Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so'
'And':   Sarah often works late. She works on Saturdays sometimes, too/as well. Sarah often works late. She also works on Saturdays sometimes. Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars. I'm not inviting my cousin -1 don't like him. Besides, he didn't invite me to his party. The buildings are in a very poor condition. Furthermore, there is no money to repair them.
'But':    / haven't been very well recently. Still, it could be worse.
Nick is in love with Rita. Rita, however, is in love with Tom.
Everyone thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it down. I don't want to be late for the meeting. On the other hand, I don't want to gel there loo early.
'So':     The holiday had been a complete disaster. We therefore decided to fly home early if we could. Someone switched the freezer off. Consequently/As a result, all the food was spoilt.
Some of these words and phrases are rather formal and typical of written English. They are consequently, furthermore, however, in addition, nevertheless and therefore.
3 Other linking words and phrases
Rephrasing: Correcting yourself: Contradicting: Picking up a topic:
Changing the subject: Supporting a statement:
Dismissing something:
Giving an example:
Jessica isn't the most popular person around here. In other words, no one likes her. We play basketball. I mean/Or rather volleyball. Sarah isn't lazy. On the contrary, she works extremely hard. I like Natasha. I went on holiday with her. ~ Talking of holidays, what are your plans for this year?
It's a lovely day, isn't it? ~ Yes, beautiful. By the way, have you seen Melanie? We don't need to drive to the club, do we? After all, it's only about 200 metres from here.
I'm not sure a thank-you letter is really necessary. Anyway, 1 can't be bothered to write one.
Yes, I do think Henry is rude. He shouts at waiters, for example/for instance.
A Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' (2)
What do the underlined words mean? Write and, but or so.
Daniel's suitcase got left behind. He got it back in the end, however. I'm too tired to go for a walk. Besides, it looks like rain. The road was under water. The police therefore closed it to traffic. We took lots of photos. We videoed the speeches as well. It was a terrible journey. Still, we got there safely in the end. A strike by air traffic controllers has begun. Many flights have consequently been cancelled.
The company has spent millions on computers. Ne^rtfieless, it does not seem to have become more efficient.
►
1
2
3
4
5
- but
B Links across sentences (2-3)
Complete this letter to a local newspaper. Choose the correct word or phrase.
There's been a lot of talk about a 'spaceship' seen over the town at about eleven o'clock on Friday
night. (►) As a result/Novcrthclc33, hundreds of enthusiastic sky-watchers have arrived in town,
hoping that it will return. But was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw it.
(1) Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph which is supposed to show the object in the sky.
We know, (2) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to produce. (3) By the way/In other
words, it is almost certainly a fake. But it would be wrong to treat the whole thing as a joke.
(4) All the same/On the contrary, all such reports should be carefully investigated. (5) After all/Anyway,
the arrival of a spacecraft from another world would indeed be a serious matter. But usually
there is a more simple explanation. Many supposed spaceships turn out to be weather balloons,
(6) for example/or rather. A similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone from another
world really did pay us a visit last Friday.
C Links across sentences (3)
What would you say? Give your answer using a linking word or phrase.
►   Support Emma's opinion: she might not get another offer.
Emma:   You're right. Maybe I should accept the offer.
After Allj you Mtajgrb        4rt Another oi\e. 1   Rephrase what Rita is saying: she doesn't want to see Nick.
Rita:       I don't know if I'll have time to see Nick.
2   Change the subject and ask what the time is.
Tom:      I hope Wayne Johnson will be fit to play for United on Saturday.
3   Dismiss the idea of buying a sweater: they haven't got one in your size. Daniel:    I'm not sure if that sweater really suits you.
4   Mention Sarah as an example.
Claire:    Lots of our friends have DVD recorders, don't they?
5   Contradict what Nick says.
Nick:      Sorry. I persuaded you to see that film and you hated it, didn't you?
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4 The/This spoon isn't silver.
5 Sarah might call.
Unit 146
A    1 would have been
2 had lost
3 would have scored
4 she'd been/she had been
5 hadn't been
6 wouldn't have given
7 hadn't been
8 it would have been
9 we'd have beaten/we would have beaten 10 he'd been/he had been
13    1 The guests could/would have had their lunch outside if it had been warm enough/if it hadn't been so cold.
2 Sarah could/would have flown to Rome if the airport hadn't been closed/had been open.
3 Laura might have recognized Nick if he hadn't had a crash-helmet on.
4 Sarah's plants wouldn't have died/might not have died if she'd/she had watered them.
5 Nick could/would have got in (to the ice hockey game) if he'd/he had had a ticket.
C    1 he was/were, he'd/he would have put
2 I'd/I had paid, I wouldn't be
3 you loved, you wouldn't have left
Unit 147
A    1 If the twins had worn different clothes, we could have told them apart, type 3
2 If you tell me what the instructions say, I'll try to follow them, type 1
3 If people used public transport, there'd be less pollution, type 2
4 If you don't wear a sweater, yon might not be warm enough, type 1
5 If I hadn't seen the product advertised, I wouldn't have bought it. type 3
B    1 you played
2 I wouldn't/couldn't hear
3 you'd/you had told
4 1 wouldn't have let
5 you didn't play
6 it wouldn't be/it might not be
7 I'd/I had realized
8 I would have thrown
9 you go 10 I'll have
C    1 If I'd/I had known how unpopular Jason was, I wouldn't have invited him (to my party).
2 If you put too many tins into the plastic bag, it'll break.
3 If I had a pen, I could write down the address.
4 If I'd/I had started my project earlier, I wouldn't be so far behind (now).
5 If you need some/any help, give me a ring.
6 If the door opens, the fan comes on.
Unit 148
A    1 When the alarm rings,
2 If I feel better tomorrow,
3 When this film finishes,
4 If the plan doesn't work,
B    1 unless it's/it is a nice day.
2 unless you're/you are watching it.
3 unless we get help.
4 unless I liked it.
C   1 unless   2 if  3 unless   4 unless
D   1 We'd/We had better book a table in case the restaurant is busy.
2 You ought to insure your jewellery in case it gets stolen.
3 I'll leave you my phone number in case you want to contact me.
E    1 unless   2 If  3 in case   4 when
Unit 149
A    1 1 wish you'd/you would hurry up.
2 I wish you'd/you would do the washing-up.
3 I wish you'd/you would tell me the whole story.
4 I wish you wouldn't blow cigarette smoke in my face.
5 I wish you'd/you would tell me what you're thinking.
B    I I wish/If only I wasn't so tired.
2 I wish/If only I didn't get (these) headaches.
3 I wish/If only my work was going well/better.
4 I wish/If only I could concentrate.
5 I wish/If only life wasn't so complicated.
C   1 I'd/I had caught it.
2 she'd/she had stayed (there).
3 she'd/she had accepted it.
4 I'd/I had found it. OR I could have found it.
5 he could have played
D   1 I hadn't asked you (to marry me)
2 you wouldn't talk nonsense
3 I was a young man
4 you would/you'd listen
5 l'd/I had met you an I could have met you
Unit 150
A    1 but it's really quite modern.
2 but she turned it down.
3 but no one laughed.
I
C
L)
1 Although 4 in spite of
2 in spite of 5 in spite of
3 Although
1 in spite of/despite
2 In spite of/Despite
3 but/although/though
4 Even though/Although/Though
1 Trevor didn't notice the sign even though it was right in front of him.
2 Matthew doesn't know any French although it was one of his school subjects.
3 Despite being a millionaire, Henry's friend hates spending money.
4 We couldn't get tickets in spite of queuing for an hour.
1 on the other hand
2 in spite of (or despite)
3 whereas
Unit 151
A    I to go to sleep.
2 to hear the football results.
3 to look smart.
4 to finance her studies.
B 1
C
He's/He is going to get to work earlier in order to/so as to impress the boss. He's/He is going to work harder in order to/so as to achieve more. He's/He is going to take risks in order to/so as to be a winner.
He's/He is going to think positively hi order not to/so as not to miss any opportunities.
Nick keeps a dog to guard the house. David is going to be very careful so that he doesn't/won't have an accident. Jessica is going on a diet to lose weight. Trevor often switches off the heating to save money.
Sarah had to go to Birmingham for a business meeting.
Emma wore boots so that her feet wouldn't get wet.
Unit 152
A    1 I'll love you until I die
2 I hear music when I see you
3 Come back before I forget you
4 I've been sad since you left me
5 I fell in love as soon as we met
Although
in order to
because
If
but
6 so
7 unless
8 In spite of
9 in case
1
2
3
4
5
6
as soon as to
since but
so that because
Unit 153
A    1 and
2 so
3 and
C
7 in case
8 until
9 although
10 if
11 so
12 in spite of
4 but
5 so
6 but
1 Furthermore
2 however
3 In other words
4 On the contrary
5 After all
6 for example
In other words, you don't want to see him. By the way, what's the time/what time is it? Anyway, they haven't got one in my size. Sarah fs got one/has one), for example. On the contrary, I loved/liked it.
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