(Xj If I were my parents,... I'd make my children -— I'd let them I wouldn't let them fol If I were the manager of a big company,. I'd make my employees ■ -_ I'd let them I wouldn't let them O Susan ray. 1995. Published by rteinemann Engfch language Teaching. This sheet may be photocopied and used within the class. 5. Another risk to pregnant women is transmitted by mosquitoes. It can lead to anaemia, which increases the risk for maternal and infant mortality and developmental problems for babies. 6. HIV infection is also an increasing danger. Mother-to-child _of HIV is continuing to grow, especially in poor parts of the world. Today about 45% of HIV-infected mothers transmit it to their children. 7. A lot of these deaths and disabilities are preventable. This means that a greater number of trained doctors and nurses and a better system of health care in general could save many lives every day. Better_. to clean and safe water could also make millions of lives longer. Global Issues i e e € FACT SHEET 1. Across the world, a woman dies from complications in childbirth every_- about 529,000 each year. The vast majority of them in developing countries. 2. In Sub-Saharan Africa, one woman out of_ dies during pregnancy or in childbirth, compared to a 1 -in-_risk in a developed country - the largest difference between poor and rich countries of any health indicator. 3. The direct. of maternal deaths are haemorrhage, infection, obstructed labour, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, and complications during an unsafe abortion. 4. At least 20% of the diseases of children below the age of 5 are related to poor maternal health and nutrition, as well as the quality of care upon delivery and during the newborn period. Every year__babies die before or during delivery or in the first week of life. -frc...................................................................................................................................................................................................... Statement A "If you want to know the damage this period has done to Africa, just pick up a map of Africa and study the borders. During this period the continent has been broken into unsustainable borders that neglected traditional boundaries. Thus, the wars in Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan, Senegal, Guinea Bissau and Western Sahara/ Morocco could all be traced directly back to the artificial boundaries established during this period by foreign rulers, many of whom never visited the region." http://www.camara.dk/_bantaba/000042d2.htrn Statement B "I argue that historical injustices played a significant role in condemning Africa to poverty and underdevelopment but that, more importantly, African leaders themselves have also failed the resource-rich continent. They continue to unscrupulously harp on historical injustices to cover up for their political and economic mess. Corrupt and inefficient management of economies, greed, power hunger, disrespect for human rights, among others, have contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa today." http://www.glabalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/africa/2002/091 9blame.htm Statement C "One of the many problems this period has created is land. Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia, Kenya are examples of situations where vast amounts of land were controlled by a few. I was appalled to learn that 80% of the agricultural land in South Africa is owned by the whites who account for less than 20% of the population." http://www.camara.dk/_bantaba/000042d2.htm Statement D "It is clear that the Western world continues to make efforts to exacerbate Africa's isolation in the global economy. Instead of helping Africa recover from the impact of their domination, the Western powers have sought ways to stop the development of Africa. African leaders have been forced to adopt false economic policies in return for aid with very little understanding of what the policies mean." http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/africa/2002/0919blame.htm Statement E "The educational system introduced by the British was a poisonous gift to the people of India. Not only was it irrelevant to the learning needs of the millions, but it also constituted a major colonial instrument for their enslavement and the destruction of their cultural roots. Its main function was to create a new class of the 'educated' to provide clerks and specialists for colonial administration." The Post Development Reader, ed Majid Rahnema, Victoria Bawtree Statement F "The policies pursued by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) which have been imposed on many African countries are based on assumptions that are fundamentally unsound. The current rules of the game have been largely set by corporate interests. Trade agreements have been heavily weighted in favour of the rich countries, made the poorest countries worse off, and condemned thousands to death through AIDS." J. Stiglitz, former Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank Statement G "In some countries, such as Tanzania, the colonial governments actively encouraged farmers to grow coffee and other cash crops rather than crops for people to eat. It was the same with Senegal and Nigeria (peanuts), Rwanda and Uganda (coffee), Ghana and Ivory Coast (cocoa), Mali, Niger and Sudan (cotton) and many others. As a result, African countries have been unable to grow enough to feed themselves. The frequent slumps in the world commodity prices meant that the countries have at the same time been too poor to buy food from abroad." http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4070000/newsid_4077200/4077204.stm Statement H "Western banks have burdened poor countries with immense debt when they agreed to lend money to corrupt or repressive African rulers. The money generally went straight into their bank accounts, bringing nothing to the majority of the population. V/ The rich countries have forced the liberalization of trade on poor countries, while keeping their own agricultural subsidies, OiO and non-tariff barriers that punish poor-country exporters." J. Stiglitz, former Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank Global issues A. Angola OR CONGO a Luanda AHj.itic Owl" ANGOLA ZAMBIA NAMIBIA Following independence from Portugal in 1975, fighting broke out between the Communist MPLA and the anti-Communist UNITA. The MPLA was supported by the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, while UNITA was supported by the United States and several African leaders. The war continued even as the support of the international community ceased - UNITA gained financial sources by mining diamonds and selling them abroad. The civil war finally ended in 2002. Up to 1.5 million lives were lost, and 4 million people displaced, in the quarter century of fighting. Today, Angola is one of the poorest countries in the world. Seventy percent of its population live in extreme poverty. Roads in the countryside are ruined. The railway system has collapsed, and the agricultural base is in tatters as many former fields are still covered with landmines. The country imports almost all its sugar, after once being one of the world's largest exporters. But ask any energy executive these days and another picture emerges: Angola is Africa's second-largest oil producer after Nigeria. Oil currently accounts for around 90 % of export revenues. The US and China are the largest importers of Angolan oil. Angola also has considerable deposits of diamonds, gas, gold and iron. ©There is evidence that revenues from Angolan oil are being squandered through corruption and mismanagement. From 1997 to 2001, US$ 774 million of Angolan oil revenues were paid into an account in Switzerland. This sum was to repay Angola's debt with Russia, but only US$161 millions were transferred to an account belonging to the Russian Ministry of Finance. Around $600 million were transferred to accounts belonging to a series of private companies, with millions ending up in the accounts of Angolan officials, including the Angolan President Dos Santos. B. Bangladesh 1 INDIA BANGLADESH hfl" □ _ ■^to Dhaka V'"5 ochffiaflong Bay of Sengař BURMA Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world. Despite domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation. Most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas. About a third of the country floods annually during the rainy season, hampering economic development. Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate frequently flooded land. Recent estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the 7th most populous nation in the world. With a land area of only 144,000 square kilometres the population density is remarkable. The high population is ^36) often seen as one of the obstacles to development. Further obstacles to prosperity include a growing labour force that has outnumbered jobs, inefficient use of energy resources, insufficient power supplies, political tensions and corruption. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Garment exports and payments from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East and East Asia, fuel its economic growth. C. Uganda SUDAN DR CONGO UGANDA Kampala □ KENYA The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences prevented the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1 971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives. The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative stability and economic growth to Uganda. In 2000, Uganda qualified for debt relief worth almost 1.5 billion USD. Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper, cobalt, gold, and other minerals. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the workforce. Coffee accounts for the bulk of Uganda's export revenues, following the recommendations of the IMF and WB (International Monetary Fund and the World Bank). However the instability of the price of coffee on world makrkets has repeatedly hampered economic growth and threatened producer livelihoods. THE RICH AND THE POOR 1 0 Match the following words with their definition A. a landmine 1. someone who has been forced to leave their own country/region and live somewhere else because of a war, for example. B. to squander 2. a senior manager in a business or other organization C. revenue 3. not to use money in a sensible way D. a displaced person 4. a bomb hidden under the ground that explodes when someone moves over it E. to be in tatters 5. to prevent something from happening or progressing normally F. an executive 6. to be in very bad condition G. to hamper 7. income from business activities or taxes Q Match the words in the two columns to form frequently used expressions. Explain what the expressions mean A. human rights 1. lives B. to claim 2. deposits Coil 3. poverty D. debt 4. tensions E. extreme 5. abuse F. political 6. relief 0 Suggest synonyms for the words in bold. Use synonyms in the right gramatical form. 1. In 1975 fighting broke out between MPLA and UNITA. 2. The war continued even as the support of the international community ceased. WORKSHEET- O What is the correct definition? Colonialism is A. the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945 with the aim to feed the rapidly growing population of the world. B. a social-economic system under which certain persons are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to work. C. a practice of political and economic domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. 0 Complete the table Word class Word Pron. Example sentence Noun (territory) colony Ooo E.g. India used to be a British colony. Verb Noun (person) Adjective 3. The price of coffee has repeatedly threatened economic growth._ 4. The high population is often seen as one of the obstacles to development. 5. Angola has considerable deposits of diamonds. Ocwn anc/ Our. in Pan's and London, by George Orwell, is an account of the times when he was poor and living in each of the two capital cities. l BEFORE YOU READ Read the first three sentences of the text. Predict why Orwell describes being poor as extraordinarily complicated. Word Bank Turn to page 120. 2 FIRST IMPRESSION Read the complete text and think about the following: a) Do Orwell's problems seem like the problems of a poor person today? Why? Why not? b) Are Orwell's experiences similar to Frank McCourt's? If not, how are they different? 3 READ AGAIN Explain the following references: a) it is all so utterly and prosaically different. What is? b) of course you dare not admit it. Admit what? c) the laundress catches you in the street and asks you why. What exactly does she ask? d) This wastes you a franc a day. What does? e) with such fearful results. Results of what? DOWN AND OUT IN PARIS AND LONDON Ii t is altogether curious, your first contact with poverty. You have thought so much about poverty - it is the thing you have feared ail your life, the thing you knew would happen to you sooner or later; and it is all so utterly and prosaically different. You thought it would be quite simple; it is extraordinarily complicated. You thought it would be terrible; it is merely squalid and boring. It is the peculiar lowness of poverty that you discover first; the shifts that it puts you to, the complicated meanness, the crust-wiping. You discover, for instance, the secrecy attached to poverty. At a sudden stroke you have been reduced to an income of six francs a day. But of course you dare not admit you have got to pretend that you are living quite as usual. it From the start it tangles you in a net of lies, and even with the lies you can hardly manage it. You stop sending clothes to the laundry, and the laundress catches you in the street and asks you why, you mumble something, and she, thinking you are sending the clothes elsewhere, is your enemy for life. The tobacconist keeps asking why you have cut down your smoking. There are letters you want to answer, and cannot, because stamps are too expensive. And then there are your meals - meals are the worst difficulty of all. Every day at meal-times you go out, ostensibly to a restaurant, and loaf an hour in the Luxembourg Gardens, watching the pigeons. Afterwards you smuggle your food home in your pockets. Your food is bread and margarine, or bread and wine, and even the nature of the food is governed by lies. You have to buy rye bread instead of household bread, because the rye loaves, though dearer, are round and can be smuggled in your pockets. This wastes you a franc a day. Sometimes, to keep up appearances, you have to spend sixty centimes on a drink, and go correspondingly short of food. Your linen gets filthy, and you run out of soap and razor blades. Your hair wants cutting, and you try to cut it yourself, with such fearful results that you have to go to the barber after all, and spend the equivalent of a days food. All day you are telling lies, and expensive lies. () You discover what it is like to be hungry. With bread and margarine in your belly, you go out and look into the shop windows. Everywhere there is food insulting you in huge, wasteful piles; whole dead pigs, baskets of hot loaves, great yellow blocks of butter, strings of sausages, mountains of potatoes, vast Gruyere cheeses like grindstones. A snivelling self-pity comes over you at the sight of so much food. Although / though / even though In spite of / despite Study this example situation: 226 Last year I'aul and Joanne had a holiday by the sea. It rained a lot, but they enjoyed themselves. You can say: Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= It rained a lot, but they ...) or In spite of | ^ rajni they enjoyed themselves. of Despite , After although we use a subject + verb: n Although it rained a lot, we en]oyed our holiday. □ I didn't get the job although I had the necessary qualifications. Compare the meaning of although and because: □ We went out although it was raining. □ We didn't go out because it was raining. After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing: □ In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. □ 1 didn't get the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications. □ She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work. □ In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you. Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite of, but despite {without of): □ She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work, (nor despite of this) You can say in spite of the fact (that) ... and despite the fact (that) ... i j.j , , . , I in spite of the fact (that) ] , . , . ,.c n I didn t get the 10b I , . , , , II had the necessary qualifications. ( despite the fact (that) Compare in spite of and because of: □ We went out in spite of the rain, (or ... despite the rain.) □ We didn't go out because of the rain. Compare although and in spite of / despite: □ Although the traffic was bad, 1 . , , , , , ,c , , , , ... we arrived on time, (not In spite of the traffic was bad In spite of the traffic. , , , , I although I was very tired. . ... D 1 couldn t sleep { . . , . . , (not despite 1 was tired) [ despite being very tired. Sometimes we use though instead of although: □ I didn't get the job though I had the necessary qualifications. In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence: O The house isn't very nice. 1 like the garden though. (= but I like the garden) □ 1 see them every day. I've never spoken to them though. (= but I've never spoken to them) Even though (but not 'even' alone) is a stronger form of although: □ Even though I was really tired, I couldn't sleep, (not Even I was really tired ...) Even -> Unit 112 Exercises 113.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box. Unit 113 1 didn't speak the language I had never seen her before it was quite cold I'd met her twice before •he- ha:j a very important-p^ we don't like them very much the heating was on we've known each other a long time I AlUocujI" he hjis a very crr^rtajit job (, 3 She wasn't wearing a coat ...................................................... 4 We thought we'd better invite them to the party 5 ........................................................................................................................... 6..................................................................................................... 7 1 didn't recognise her .............................................................. 8 We're not very good friends ................................................... e isn't particularly well-paid. ......... > I recognised her from a photograph. 1 managed to make myself understood. ..................................... , the room wasn't warm. 113.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of. 1 .....Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. 2 a ........................................................................ all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong. b .................................................................... we'd planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong. 3 a I went home early....................................................................... 1 was feeling unwell. b 1 went to work the next day........................................................................1 was still feeling unwell. 4 a She only accepted the job................................................................. the salary, which was very high. b She accepted the job....................................................................the salary, which was rather low. 5 a 1 managed to get to sleep ..................................................................... there was a lot of noise. b I couldn't get to sleep ...................................................................the noise. Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences: 6 a He passed the exam although ............................................................................................................................................................... b He passed the exam because.............................................................................................................................................................. 7 a I didn't eat anything although .......................................................................................................................................................... b I didn't eat anything in spite of................................................................................................................................................... 113.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences. 1 1 couldn't sleep. I was very tired, (despite) I couldn't sl£*f desptie pexc.a very tired............................................................................................................... 2 They have very little money. They are happy, (in spite of) In spite..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village, (although) 4 I enjoyed the film. The story was silly, (in spite of) 5 We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other, (despite) 6 1 got very wet in the rain. I was only out for five minutes, (even though) 113.4 Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end. 1 The house isn't very nice, (like / garden) .....I the guia.en trici