F0E. O Word formation
For questions 1-10, read the text below about daguerreotypes. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Daguerreotypes
Daguerreotypes are early types of photographs.
They are named after one of the (o)inventors.......,
Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. The invention was announced to the public in France in 1839.
The process became popular in the US, but lost its
(1).......................in the late 1850s when newer,
faster and cheaper (2).......................processes
became available.
The daguerreotype used a positive-only process: no negative of the picture was available. The
process was (3)........................Overtime there
was an (4).......................in the photographic
lenses, and the exposure time was reduced.
These portrait photos became (5).......................
popular as the images were so true-to-life. People
were able to obtain an exact (6).......................of
themselves. This could not be achieved in the same way by a portrait painter. Nearly all daguerreotypes had the
(7).......................of a glass-fronted case and if
(8).......................sealed could last forever,
(9).......................film and paper photography.
Although the process soon lost its popularity,
some (10).......................photographers still
practice it today.
INVENT
POPULAR PHOTOGRAPH
SUCCESS IMPROVE
EXTREME
LIKE
PROTECT
PROPER
LIKE
ENTHUSIASM
I
The room, which had been dark and gloomy, suddenly looked light and cheerful
When we want to add extra information to a sentence, we can use a non-defining relative clause.
In the above sentence we know that the room is now light and cheerful. The middle part of the sentence starting with 'which' tells us what it had been like before, giving us extra information which isn't essential to the main part of the sentence. Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the rest of the sentence with commas or a comma and a full stop.
Non-defining relative clauses begin with 'which' for objects and places; 'whose' shows possession by a person.
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Q Non-defining relative clauses
Make sentences with non-defining relative clauses using whose or which.
0 Hepzibah Pyncheon called Phoebe. Hepzibah could hear Phoebe's voice.
Hepzibah Pyncheon called Phoebe, whose voice she could hear.
1 Phoebe went to Hepzibah's room. The room was upstairs.
2 Hepzibah showed Phoebe a miniature. The miniature was of a handsome young man.
3 After breakfast Phoebe worked in the shop. The shop was full of customers.
4 Phoebe saw the portrait of Colonel Pyncheon. Colonel Pyncheon's face was cruel.
5 This is Mr Holgrave. His pictures bring out the secret characters of people.
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Witchcraft
The origins of witchcraft go back to the beginnings of time and people's desire to understand and control the world. Prophecy, magic, palm reading, tarot cards, astrology, spells, curses and talismans all make up the world of witchcraft.
Ancient people used magic to try to explain and influence the mysteries of life and the universe. Pagan rituals and dances to bring rainfall or a good harvest were part of primitive societies. In some cultures gifts and sacrifices were offered to the gods or ancestors to keep them happy.
The Stone Age paintings of animals in European caves were probably intended to have magic powers, perhaps to help the hunters.
The ancient Babylonians believed they could predict the future by studying the positions of the stars, the moon and the planets. This was the beginning of astrology.
The ancient Egyptians used a variety of magic objects and worshipped different gods and goddesses who, they thought, governed their life and death.
The ancient Creeks drew maps of the sky with the names of constellations and created the signs of the zodiac that we still use today.
Stonehenge in England is believed by some to be an ancient Druid temple where pagan rituals were performed.
With the coming of Christianity many occult practices survived. But after the year 900 CE the Christian church decided that witchcraft was the work of the devil. Witches were believed to be in contact
The Trial of George Jacobs in Salem in 1692 by T. H. Matteson (1855).
with the devil and other evil spirits, and this gave them supernatural powers to put curses on people and cause bad things to happen. Victims of witchcraft claimed to see frightening visiortt^and experience physical pain, while their behavior was often very strange too. These people were considered "bewitched" and witches were persecuted, tortured and burnt in Europe and America until the eighteenth century.
During the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, in which Hawthorne's ancestor was a judge, nineteen people were accused of witchcraft
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and hanged. More than one hundred were put in prison. This terrible witch-hunt lasted a year, and was the last one in the British colonies. In some countries witchcraft is still practiced. Perhaps the most well-known is voodoo, present in some parts of Africa and the West Indies.
In today's modern society astrology, palm reading, fortune-telling, tarot cards and good luck charms are still popular. Many people read their horoscopes every day and believe that their lives are influenced by the movements of the stars. Hypnotists and mediums perform in front of audiences, and some people believe in the power of crystals. Although science and modern technology bring us new discoveries every day, witchcraft will probably always exist because it satisfies our need to predict, influence or control the mysteries of life.
Q Comprehension check
Answer the following questions.
1 What did ancient people use magic for?
2 What did the ancient Babylonians study?
3 Who created the signs of the zodiac?
4 What do some people believe Stonehenge to be?
5 When did people start to consider witchcraft to be the work of the devil?
6 Until the 18th century, what happened in Europe and America to witches who were caught?
Q Speaking
Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1 What sign of the zodiac are you?
2 Do you ever read your horoscope? Why/Why not?
3 Do you have any good luck charms? if yes, what are they?
4 What are the people doing irj the photos below? What do you think about these ways of predicting the future?
5 Have you ever had your fortune told? If yes, tell your partner what you were told might happen.
INTERNET PROJECT
Connect to the Internet and go to www.blackcat-cideb.com or www.cideb.it. Insert the title or part of the title of the book into our search engine. Open the page for The House of the Seven Gabies. Click on the Internet project link. Go down the page until you find the title of this book and click on the relevant link for this project.
The Salem Witch Trials of 1692
Find out about the Salem Witch Trials. \ When did they begin? \ Why?
\ How many people were accused of witchcraft and died as a result?
► How many were imprisoned? y What do you think really happened? y What can you see in Salem today? y Which major city lies near Salem?
~J    Before you read
ggf Q Listening
Listen to the first part of Chapter Three. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer — A, B or C.
1 What was Hepzibah reading? A □ a book about music
B □ a history book C [_] a cookbook
2 What did Phoebe and Hepzibah drink for breakfast? A |~J coffee
B [~J milk C Q tea
3 How was Hepzibah feeling that morning? A [~J nervous and tearful
B □ happy C j~J angry
4 Who is 'the guest'?
A [~_] Phoebe's father, Arthur B [~J Judge Pyncheon C (~J Clifford Pyncheon
5 Where did Phoebe recognize him from? A [_] the portrait on the wall
B |~J Hepzibah's miniature
C [_J Holgrave's daguerreotype
6 Clifford
A □ didn't drink any coffee.
B Q went to look out of the window.
C J-J wanted to see beauty.
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