10.3 between     > p. 149
1 The bank is between the post office and the baker's.
2 The ferry saris between Dover and Ostend.
An agreement was made between the three super-powers.
3 Just between you and me, I think he's awful.
4 I can't choose between these three dresses.
10.4 beyond
1 The farm lies beyond that field.
2 His story is beyond belief. She is beyond help.
3 The success of the plan was beyond anything we had hoped for.
10.5 by
1 This book was written by Charles Dickens.
2 This model was made by hand.
3 The bank is just by the Post Office.
4 By next year 111 have finished this book.
Useful expressions
by accident fjy all means
by air/bus/car/ by chance
plane/sea/ by day/night
ship/train (and by (doing)
other means by far
of transport) by mistake
10.6 except
1 All the boys had pens except one.
2 The holiday was excellent, except for the rain.
3 He's a good student, except that he's always late.
Use to express
1 a position in the middle (with things or people on two sides)
2 bringing two or more things or people together
3 sharing something together (a secret)
4 either one thing or another
Use to express
1 'further than'(distance)
2 'outside the understanding or the reach of
3 'more or better than'
Use to express
1 who does/did/will do an action
2 how something is/was/will be done
3 closeness or nearness to
4 'not later than'
by post by sight by surprise by yourself (alone)
amazed by* astonished by* impressed by surprised by* upset by
* = or at
Use to express
1 'excluding'
2 'apart from' + noun
3 'apart from the fact that' + clause
10.7 for
-10.10 into
1 This is for you.
2 We've lived here for three years.
3 We walked for several miles.
4 Are you for or against nuclear weapons?
5 What did you do (hat for?
6 Let's go out for a meal.
7 They left for America this morning.
Useful expressions
for ever once and
for goodness' for all
sake for a while/
for heaven's time
sake
Use to express
1 'intended to belong to'
2 length of time D> GS 13.1.3
3 distance
4 'in favour of
5 reason
6 purpose (+ noun)
7 movement towards
anxious for as for ask for care for
pay for reason for responsible for search for
10.8 from
1 We travelled from Vienna to Paris by train.
2 He works from 9 till 5.
3 Prices start from £5.
4 I can't tell one from the other,
Use to express
1 place of origin
2 a starting point in time
3 a starting point in quantity
4 separation
Useful expressions
from A lo Z        from morning to   away from prevent from
from beginning       night apart from (doing)
to end from time to       hear from suffer from
from head to toe time
10.9 in
1 They're in the kitchen.
2 We got married In March/winler/1985.
3 I'll be back in an hour.
4 He's in banking/the local police force/a mess.
Useful expressions
/nail in general
in any case in half
in bed in a hurry
in common in ink/pencil
in danger in love
in debt in a loud voice
in difficulties in the morning
in the end in my opinion
in fact in other words
Use to express
1 place
2 a point during a longer period of lime-weeks, months, seasons, years and centuries
3 'within a certain time'
4 a job/profession/si luation
in particular in prison in private in public in secret in sight in spite of in stock in tears
in time /nturn in a way in a sense dressed in get in
interested in succeed in lake part in
They came into Ihe room.
Useful expressions
bump into crash into getinto (trouble) go into
10.11 of
j The cover of this book is attractive.
2 He's one of my best friends.
g a ton    I fbricks a pint     of milk a pound J [butter
4 He died of starvation.
5 a man of 40/the City of London/made of gold
Useful expressions
ahead of enough of
because of everyone of
by means of example of
cure someone of explanation of
die of hundreds of
dozens of in case of
10.12 off
■\ A tile has come off ihe roof. 2 Our house is off the High Street.
Useful expressions
off duty off limits off work
10.13 on
1 The book is on the table.
2 I'll see you on Saturday morning/Christmas Day/your birthday.
3 What's on TV tonight? There's a good film on at the cinema.
4 He's written a book on insecls.
Useful expressions
on business on holiday
on duty on purpose
on time on sale
on foot on the whole on the other hand
Use to express movement towards
jump into run into throw into walk/nto
Use to express
1 'belonging to'
2 'from among'
3 measure
4 cause
5 description
in front of instead of lack of
on account of on behalf of out of
proof of
remind someone of
several of think of typical of
Use to express
1 movement away from
2 'at a distance from'
get off (the bus) take off (your coat)
Use to express
1 contact (on the surface of)
2 time-a particular day
3 what entertainment is being offered
4 what something is about
agree on depend on
congratulate      have an effect someone on on
10.14 out of
1 She ran out of Ihe house.
2 Two out of five children have learning problems.
3 I copied the recipe out of the newspaper.
4 The dress was made out of a lace curtain.
Useful expressions
oof of breath      out of date out of control      out of order out of danger      out of practice
10.15 since
1 I hadn't seen him since 1978.
2 Since he had'flu, he decided not to go to work.
Use to express
1 movemen t away f rom
2 'from among' (with ratios)
3 place of origin
4 the material something is made from
out of the out of reach
question oof of stock (impossible)    out of work
Use to express
1 a starting point for actions and situations which continue up to the moment of speaking
> GS 13.1.3
2 'because'     > GS6.2
10.16 to
1 We're going to Paris.
2 It's a quarter to 12.
3 We'll be in the office from 5 to 6.
4 He won by 2 games to 3. I prefer sleeping to working.
Useful expressions
according fo in order to
in addiiion fo so as fo
due fo owing fo
Use to express
1 'in the direction of
2 before (in time)
3 'until'
4 comparison
10.17 under
1 Theboxisunderthestairs.
2 Please don't sweep the dust under the carpet.
3 The bridge is under repair.
Useful expressions
under control
underneath (preposition) = under
Use to express
1 'beneath'
2 'beneath' (with movement)
3 'in the process of
under orders
under oalh (in a court of law)
10.18 until/till
Use to express
1 I'll keep the ring until we meet        1 up to a certain again. time
2 Stir the mixture until it thickens.      2 'up to the point or degree when'
174
175
10.19 up
Don't run up the stairs.
He went up to the next class.
Useful expressions
up-to-date (modern) uphill
10.20 with/without
1 Be patient with the children.
2 He hit the burglar with a hammer.
3 You'll have to go with/without me.
4 A room with/without a view. Useful expressions
Use to express movement to a higher place
ups and downs (good limes and
bad ones) fed up (bored or unhappy)
Use to express 'as regards' instrument
accompanying/not accompanying
having/not having
with best wishes angry with disgusted with trembling with
with/without do without impressed with (fear)
difficulty filled with pleased with (what's) wrong
without any fuss green with envy shivering with with(?)
with love (cold)
with pleasure have difficulty agree with with
11 Relative clauses
11.1 Defining relative clauses o pp. 5, 99
Is that the man who wants to buy your car?
These clauses are necessary in order to complete the meaning of a sentence. They identify somebody or something. No commas are used.
11.1.1 Relative pronouns in defining clauses
1 a The person who dea Is with that isn't here at the moment. The person that interviewed me was a nice sort of fellow.
b The person who/whom/that you want is out of the office.
c The man whose address you've asked for has left the firm.
2a The instructions which come with this machine are impossible to follow. The book that you lent me was
very difficult to read.
These relative pronouns are used
1 for people
a who/that - as the subject of the verb in the clause
b who/whom/that - as the object of the verb in the clause (whom is more formal)
c whose - meaning 'belonging to'
2 for things
a which/that-as subject or object of the verb in the clause. Notice what can be used to express 'the thing which/that' (e.g. It was difficult to believe what you told me.)
11.1.2 Leaving out the relative pronoun in defining clauses
The man (who/whom/thafj I was meeting was an important client.
The relative pronoun can be left out when it refers to the object of the verb in the clause. Notice the relative pronoun cannot be left out when it refers to the subject of the verb in the clause e.g. The man who came to meet me was an important' c//enf.
11.1.3 Prepositions used with relative pronouns in defining clauses
1  The man who/that I was talking to is my uncle.
2a The person to whom I was addressing my comments does not seem to be listening.
b The problem about which we had so much discussion has been solved.
1 The preposition comes at the end of the clause in informal speech and writing.
2a The preposition comes at the beginning of the clause in formal speech and writing.
b Notice the relative pronoun cannot be left out in sentences like these even though it is the object of the verb in the clause.
11.2 Non-defining relative clauses [> pp. 5, 86
I've just met Mr Watts, who wants to buy your car.
These clauses give further information, which could be left out, about the sentence. Commas are used.
11.2.1 Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
1a The members of the expedition, who had been away from home for six months, said they were proud of their achievements.
b The candidates, who/whom we met for the first time yesterday, are all preparing their speeches for the debate tomorrow.
c A car manufacturer, whose name I have forgotten, has
invented an electric car.
2a The report, which was drawn up by a special committee,
states that more needs to be done in the inner city areas.
b He had been in prison, which was a fact nobody had realized.
These relative pronouns are used
1 for people
a who- as the subject of the verb in the clause
b who/whom - as the object of the verb in the clause
c whose- meaning 'belonging to'
2 farthings
a which - as the subject or object of the verb in the clause
b which- to give further information about the whole main sentence
Notice the relative pronoun cannot be left out in non-defining clauses and that cannot be used to replace the relative pronoun.
■j 1.2.2 Prepositions used with relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
The organization, to which we owe so much, has announced a further contribution to our appeal.
11.3 Participle phrases
Prepositions usually come at the beginning of the clause as the use is rather formal.
In participle phrases the relative pronouns and the auxiliary verb(s) are left out.
These phrases can be
The boy (who is) sitting in that corner has been there all morning.
The bricks (which have been) used to build this church were specially made.
Simone de Beauvoir, (who was) well known for her fight for women's rights, died in 1986.
1 defining
2 non-defining
12 Reported speech >> pp. 29,37,54
12 midday
9 a.m.
12.1 Tenses 12.1.1 Changes
Verbs used in direct speech often change their tense in reported speech, especially when the 'reporting* verb is in the past (e.g. said).
	Direct speech		Change		Reported speech
1	'17/put the	1	will	1	He said he would put the
	letters in		to		letters in the post.
	the post.'		would		
2	'1 work for	2	work	2	She said she worked for an
	an insurance		to		insurance company.
	company.'		worked		
3	'We can't	3	can't	3	They said they couldn't
	borrow any		to		borrow any more money from
	more from		couldn't		the bank.
	the bank,'				
4	'We've moved	4	have moved	4	They said they had moved to
	to a bigger		to		a bigger house.
	house.'		had moved		
5	'1 musfpay	5	must	5	She said she had to pay the
	the gas bill.'		to		gas bill.
12.1.2 No changes
Some verb tenses used in direct speech do not change in reported speech. The 'reporting' verb is often in the present tense.
had to
Direct speech
The verbs do not normally change
1 reporting a present state of affairs e.g.
'The cost of living here/s high.'
2 reporting things which are always true e.g.
'It's always cold at this time of year.'
3 reporting something which we believe (or someone believes) will happen e.g.
'They're going to sack 300 workers next week.'
4 they are the modal structures would, could, might, ought and should, e.g. 'You might be mistaken.'
Reported speech
when
1 The reporter says/said that the cost of living here is high.
2 Mary says it's always col d at this lime of year.
3 The union representative said they are going to sack 300 workers next week.
4 She said (that) he might be mistaken.
12.2 Reporting statements
12.2.1 Verb (+ that)
(e.g. say, claim, admit, explain, insist, agree, complain, deny, reply)
'I'm an art student,'
'I don't know you.' 'I was lying.'
'I'm hot.'
She said (that) she was an art student.
He claims he doesn't know her. She admitted she had been lying.
He explained (that) he was hot.
Notice admit and deny can also be followed by the -ing form.
12.2.2 Verb + pronoun/noun (+ that) (e.g. tell)
'I'm an art student.' She told him (that) she was an
art student.
12.2.3 Verb + infinitive
(e.g. offer, refuse, agree, promise)
'I'll lake you to the dance.'
He offered to take her to ihe
dance.
12.2.4 Verb + for + -ing form (e.g. apologize, thank)
'I'm sorry I trod on your foot.'
'Thank you for doing the shopping.'
She apologized for treading
on his foot.
He thanked her fordoing the
shopping,
176
177
12.3 Reporting requests and orders
'Close the door, please.' 'Please don'l shout.' 'Sit, Rover.' 'Don't move.'
'Attack.'
He asked me to close the door. She asked them not to shout. The boy told his dog to sit. The policeman ordered the burglar not to move. The Captain ordered his soldiers to attack.
12.4 Reporting questions
Remember lo change the word order in a reported question to subject followed by verb.
'What time is it?'
'How much money do you need ?'
He asked what time it was. She asked how much money I needed.
Remember to use;/or whetherIf there is no question word.
'Are you tired?' He asked if I was tired.
'Do you want the car or not?' She wondered whether I
wanted the car or not.
12.5 Reporting suggestions     > p.117
suggest can be followed by an -ing form or that + should + infinilive.
' Let's go home.' He suggested going home.
He suggested that they should go home.
12.6 Other points to notice about reported speech
Direct speech
1 The pronoun often changes e.g. 7've washed the dishes.'
2 Words like tomorrow change to words not directly related to present time e.g.
'I'll do it tomorrow.'
a 'today'—* b 'yesterday'^
c 'next week/year' etc. —* d 'last week/year 'etc.-* e 'now'-* f 'here'—*
g 'this' (in time expressions) e.g. 'this week'-*
3 Other changes are
a 'fWs, these, that, those' (as adjectives) ->
b this, these, that, those' (as pronouns)
4 Some words like please and now disappear e.g. 'Please come in.' 'Now what do you want to talk to me about?'
I 78
Reported speech
1 She said she had washed the dishes.
2 He said he would do it the following day/the next day.
a the same day/that day
b the day before/the previous day
c the following week/year etc. d the previous week/year etc. e then f there
g that (e.g. that week)
3a the
b it, they/them
4 He asked her to come in. She asked him what he wanted to talk to her about.
13 Tense forms
13.1 Present forms 13.1.1 Present simple
1 We go out every Saturday night.
He never gives me presents.
2 He lives in Greece.
The earth travels round the sun.
3 Jane: I don't like big cities. They smell of cars.
Peter: I know what you mean.
4 First you check the gears and handbrake, then you switch on
the engine.
5 A gorilla goes into a bar and asks for a drink....
The Pope visits Tokyo today.
13.1.3 Present perfect     !> pp. 41,53
Use
1 for somethi ng which happens regularly or which is a habit (often with adverbs of time e.g. always, usually, etc.)
2 for something which remains true for a long time or for a scientific fact
3 with verbs not normally used in any of the progressive forms (believe, understand, imagine, suppose, hear, see, taste, love, hate, need, want, prefer, seem, appear, belong, deserve). Notice feel can be used either in the simple or progressive forms e.g. I feel ill/am feeling ill.
4 to give instructions (more friendly and personal than the imperative Check, switch on ...)
5 lo describe events in jokes, stories or news items to make them seem more dramatic
> GS 13.3 for the future use of the present simple
13.1.2 Present progressive
1 Look, they're coming out of the 1 cinema now.
The standard of living in this 2 country is slowly rising.
2 She's always borrowing money from me.
It's always raining here.
3 A man is standing on the pavement when suddenly a spaceship lands.
Use
for an event in progress at the present time.
with always to show surprise or disapproval when an action is repeated
to set the scene in a joke or a story and describe events which have already begun but which are not complete
> GS 13.3 for the future use of the present progressive
1 I've seen that film. I've just seen him.
I haven't finished yet. I've never been there.
2 She's been a widow for about six months/since last year.
3a I can't write because I've broken my arm.
b Look at the mess you've made.
4 This is the third time he's taken his driving test.
This is the worst film I've ever seen.
Use
1 for an event which happened at an indefinite time in the past. Com pare I saw that film last week where the time reference is definite.
Notice adverbs which express indefinite times are often used: already, just, yet, often, never, so far, still, etc.
2 for an event which began in the past and is still going on now. Notice we use for to talk about the length of time > GS 10.7; we use since to talk about when the event started
t> GS 10.15
3 for an event which
a is finished but which still affects the present (e.g. compare The President died and The President has died (so we must make various arrangements)
b has a result which can be seen in the present (e.g. compare What have I drawn? and What did I draw?)
4 after expressions like first, second... best, worst... most interesting
This That It
is the
only.
13.1.4 Present perfect progressive     D> p. 53
1a We've been living here for six years/since 1981.
b We've been standing at this bus stop for half an hour in the pouring rain.
2 I've been staying with my cousin for the last week.
3 Look at the mess you're in! What on earth have you been doing? I can see that you've been decorating. The house looks lovely!
Use
1 a for an activity which began in the past and is still going on (to emphasize the length of time taken by the activity)
b (Notice it often shows anger, surprise, etc.)
2 to describe a temporary arrangement which may still be going on or which may just have finished
3 for an activity which was going on, which has now finished and the result of which is still evident. (This, too, often shows anger, surprise, etc.)
13.2 Past forms
13.2.1 Past simple     \> pp. 41,53
1 Last night I went to a concert. The last time I saw Maria was three years ago.
2 Jane: Did you have a nice time in Paris?
Peter: Yes, we did.
3 The thief went into the bank, pulled out a gun and pointed it
at the cashier.
4 When I was at school, I got up every day at seven o'clock.
Use
1 when a definite point in lime is mentioned when talking about the past
2 when the event took place at a time the speaker is aware of but does not mention
3 for a number of events which took place one after another in the past
4 to describe a past habit     > GS 13.2.2.
13.2.2 used to and would
1 a I used to smoke cigars but now I prefer cigarettes. He used to be very fat but he's lost a lot of weight,
b I didn't use to go to the theatre but I try and go about once a month now.
I never used to like him but I do now.
c Did you use to do sport at school?
Didn't you use to be much thinner?
2 He would keep telling me what to do!
used to only exists in the past form. Use it lo express 1a a habit or a state in the past     t> GS 13.2.1
b something which did not happen in the past but which has now become a habit or state. Notice the negative form (e.g. / used not to go to the theatre) is becoming less common in speech but is still found in formal or written English.
c an inquiry about a habit or stale in the past
Compare the expressions
be/get used to:
I'm used to getting up early.
I was used to getting up early.
You 'II soon get used to drinking
tea!
I soon got used to working so hard.
Notice after be/get used to we use the verb + -ing
Use would 2 for a habit or repeated event in the past which is now finished and which shows the speaker's attitude to the event (anger, irritation, etc.)     > GS7.3
179
13.2.3 Past progressive
1a I was driving along the motorway when I had a puncture.
b It was six o'clock and darkness was falling.
2 I was digging the garden while John was painting ihe kitchen.
3 He was coming to dinner but he had to go away on business.
13.2.4 Past perfect
1 I went back home because I'd forgotten my keys.
I was sure I hadn't seen him before.
By 1986 Bob Qeldof had raised millions of pounds for charity.
2 I had scarcely/hardly put the phone down when the bell rang. No sooner had I left the house than it started to rain.
Use
1a for an event which was in progress when another event happened
b to set the scene and provide the background for a story
2 for two (or more) events which were in progress at the same time in the past
3 for an event which had been arranged but which did not happen
Use
1 for an event which happened before another in the past {first I forgot my keys, later I went back home)
2 with scarcely/hardly + when or no sooner + than. Notice these words {scarcely, hardly, no sooner) are often put at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that one event happened almost immediately after the other (notice the word order).
13.2.5 Past perfect progressive
They'd been studying for hours
when they suddenly realized it
was midnight.
He knew they hadn't been
paying attention during the
lesson.
Use
to emphasize the continuous nature of an action or activity which happened before another in the past
13.3 Talking about the future
I'm going to wash my hair. It's going to snow. I'll see you tomorrow. Term starts on Monday. I'm meeting the boss at 10. This time tomorrow I'll be sitting my exam.
I'll have finished it by 4
o'clock.
We'll have been living here for ten years next spring. They're about to announce ihe election results. He's on the point of changing his job.
180
be going to
future simple present simple present progressive future progressive
future perfect
future perfect progressive
üe about to or be on the point of
1a I'm going to write some letters.
b Look at those black clouds. I think it's going to rain. The work is not going to be
easy.
2 Tomorrow will be fine and sunny.
We shall expect you next week.
3 Easier is early this year. The match begins at 3.30. When he comes, I'll tell you.
4 We're flying to Spain next week.
I'm taking my driving test tomorrow.
5 This lime next week I'll be swimming in the
Mediterranean.
6 They'll have done their homework by tomorrow.
7 He'll have been working for the
bank for 30 years next summer.
8 The plane is on the point of taking off.
Nick was just about to put the
money in his pocket.
1 Use be going to for a an intention
b an indication that something is probable
2 Use future simple (will/shall) t0 make a prediction about (he future.     > GS7.1 Notice shall is only used for / and we.     O GS7.2
3 Use present simple for future evenls on a timetable or a fixed programme. Notice when can be used with the present simple for an event in the future.
4 Use present progressive for a definite arrangement, plan or appointment.
5 Use future progressive for an event which will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
6 Use future perfect for an event which will be over not later than a certain time in the future.
7 Use future perfect progressive for something still in progress but which will be complete not later than a certain time in the future (often used to emphasize the length of time involved).
8 Use be about to or be on the point of for an event which is or was just going to take place.
14 Wishes, regrets and preferences
14.1 Wishes and regrets  o pp. 43, 47
1 i wish I were rich!
If only we could see each other more often!
I wish we didn't live in this terrible place.
2 I wish you wouldn't make so
much noise!
If only Ihey would stop that terrible noise!
I wish it would stop raining!
3 I wish I had never married him. If only I had studied harder at school.
I wish you hadn't told me your secret.
1 These examples express wishes (often suggesting that the speaker is sorry about something - I'm sorry I'm not rich).
Notice the 'past' form of the verbs [were, could see, didn't live) after / wish and if only as with conditional 2.     t> QS4.2
2 These examples express wishes for a change in the future and often suggest that the speaker is angry or dissatisfied about (or tired of) the present situation.     > GS 7.3.
3 These examples express wishes or regrels about the past (/ wish I had studied harder but I didn't!).
Notice the past perfect is used in the same way as conditional 3 sentences.     > GS4.3
\A,2 Preferences
13
2a
I tike the summer better than the winter.
I prefer soft drinks to alcohol.
I'd rather have a snack than a take-away meal.
I'd rather not go to the football match, if you don't mind.
I would rather you stayed at
home tonight. I think it's going to snow.
I'd rather you didn't see him
again.
1 a like... better than ... and
b prefer.. .to... express general preferences.
2a 'd rather + infinitive without fo ... than ... expresses either a general preference or a preference for a particular occasion ('this is what l usually prefer' or 'this is what I would like now').
Notice'd prefer expresses a preference for a particular occasion (e.g. l'dprefer(to have) a glass of wine now).
b 'd rather not + infinitive without fo expresses the fact that you would prefer not to do something which has been suggested.
3 would rather + (you etc.) + past tense suggests that you would be happier if someone did or didn't do something. Notice the 'unreal' present is expressed by a 'past' form of the verbs stayed, didn't see. > GS4.2
15 Words that cause difficulties
have, make and do
15.1 have
15.1.1 Three basic uses of have
She has bought a new car. He said he had seen the film.
I have (got) to be ready at 6.30. You don't have to (haven't got lo) do it if you don't want to. Do I have to (Have I got to) go?
They're having the house decorated.
Did he have his hair cut yesterday?
I didn't have the curtains made. I made them myself.
I've got a headache. Have you got a big family? I haven't got any brothers or sisters.
have can be used
1 as an auxiliary verb
2 lo express what is or isn't necessary. Notice have got to can be used to express the same idea as have to.
> GS7.9
3 to express the idea of arranging for or paying somebody to do something for you. Notice the object of the sentence comes between have and the past participle. OGS8.3
4 with got to express a condition or state (less common in the past tense and often suggesting the idea of 'possession'). Notice have got is now more common in statements than the rather formal I have four brothers, but question forms and negatives with do and have are commonly used (e.g. Do you ha veabig family? I don 'thave any brothers or sisters).
15.1.2 Other expressions using have
1 I'll have the chicken/some tea, please.
2 He's having a shower/balh/resl.
3 She's just had a little girl.
4 She had an enormous hat on.
5 We've had a marvellous holiday.
We didn't have any (rouble with the car.
6 Have a try!
Did they have a quarrel?
15.1.3 had better
You had better decide quickly. You'd better not have any more to drink!
have in these examples means
1 'eat' or 'drink'
2 'take'
3 'give birth to'
4 'wear'
5 'experience'
6 In these examples and others like them, have means the same as the word it is used with (e.g. 'try', 'quarrel').
had better is used to give strong advice (= ought t> GS7.10)
15.2 do and make
15.2.1 Meanings of do and make
1 What are you doing? I'm doing a puzzle.
2a I'm making a cake. This firm makes TV sets.
b The car journey made him sick.
c They made him work very hard.
1 cfo can mean'perform an action in general' and 'solve or put together'.
2 make can mean
a 'create' or 'construct' b 'cause to happen' c 'force'
15.2.2 Other expressions using do and make
DO
- a course
- a favour
- homework
- military service
- something/ nothing/ anything
- History, Maths, Science (as subjects)
- work or jobs in general (the cleaning/ gardening etc.)
MAKE
- arrangements-
- an attempt
- the beds
- a decision
- an effort
- an excuse
- love
- a mistake
money a noise an offer a phone call a profit a speech a suggestion trouble
Notice there are many phrasal verbs with do and make.     O GS9.5
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