A DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOME
SPEAKING
A Talking on your own
Work in pairs as Student A and B.
Student A: Describe and compare the animals in both pictures and say what they are doing.
Student B:  Describe and compare the people in both pictures and say what they are doing.
B Problem solving
Here is a short list of animals. Decide which animal you think is the most useful, which the least useful and which the most dangerous to humans.
wolves dogs cats tigers spiders mice rats whales sharks elephants horses sheep flies
READING
A Read the text. Ignore the four missing sentences (1-4).
One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly, highly intelligent creatures were kept. I I I I
The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just like the word 'more'. The astonished
astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident. | 2 | |
Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. | 3 j Scientists don't agree on this.
A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure and what we call a grammar. The structure and grammar of a language help to give it meaning.  4    J If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question 'Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in a grammatical order which affects their meaning,
B Fit the missing sentences A-D into gaps 1-4 in the text.
A For example, the two questions 'Who loves
Mary?' and 'Who does Mary love?' mean very
different things. B 'Oh, yes. That's one of the words he knows/ the
director said, showing no surprise at all. C Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had
turned on his back. D But can it be said that dolphins have a
'language', in the real sense of the word?
C Choose the best answer. Then read aloud the sentences from the text that show your choice is correct.
1 The dolphin leapt into the air because A Sagan was too near the water.
B it was part of the game they were playing. (C- he wanted Sagan to scratch him again. D Sagan wanted to communicate with him,
2 Dolphins' brains are particularly well developed to A help them to travel fast in water.
^B arrange sounds in different structures. C respond to different kinds of sound. D communicate with humans through sound.
3 Sounds can only be called a language if A each sound has a different meaning.
B each sound is different from the other.
C there is a system of writing.
D they have a structure or grammar.
VOCABULARY
say, tell, talk or speak?
Complete these sentences with say, tell, talk or speak.
1 How many languages can you_?
2 What is the first word most children learn to
_?
3 Stop it! Don't_nonsense.
4 Can you_me that joke again?
5 When do children usually learn to_?
6 Please_me when to get off the bus.
7 Actions_louder than words.
8  Sorry. I wasn't listening. What did you .
LANGUAGE STUDY
Form and meaning
A How does the change in form change the meaning of these sentences?
1 Sound travels through water very fast.
2 The sound travels through water very fast.
3 Stop to think about it.
4 Stop thinking about it.
B Match the sentences 1-4 above with these meanings.
a This is true of sound in general,
b This means a particular kind of sound,
c Stop for a moment and think about it.
d Don't think about it.
Questions with who
C Answer the two questions about each sentence.
1 Tom loves Mary but Mary loves Dick.
a Who loves Mary? b Who does Mary love?
2 Lee Oswald killed Kennedy and Jack Ruby killed Oswald.
a Who killed Oswald? b Who did Oswald kill?
D Ask complete questions with who.
Example: Someone phoned. Who?
>• Who phoned}
1 Cleopatra loved someone. Who?
2 Someone loved Cleopatra. Who?
3 Someone saw you yesterday. Who?
4 You saw someone yesterday. Who?
5 You know someone here. Who?
6 Someone knows you here. Who?
2  •" UNIT I
FOCUS ONE
FOCUS ONE
UNIT I   • 3
USE OF ENGLISH
A First read the following passage quiddy to get an idea of what it is about. Ignore the missing words.
Dolphins are not the only animals besides humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system (0) of sounds that is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs
can go (1)_for as long as three or four hours.
What is more, they can be heard under water
(2)_distances of more than 300 kilometres.
After analysing one of these songs, Carl Sagan said it
contained at (3)_a million 'bits' of
information. This is approximately (4)_same
number of bits as in a long poem (5)_the
Odyssey.
(dodV Wen'
Chimpanzees use a system of different sounds to communicate with (6) other. One type of cry
seems to mean something like 'danger in the air' or
'big bird' and (7)_apparently means 'danger
on the ground' or 'snake'. The first cry causes
(8)_to hide in holes or under trees and look
up at the sky. When they hear the second cry, they
hide in the upper branches of trees (9)_stare
nervously at the grass.
Chimpanzees are (10)_capable of learning
sign language. One chimp called Washoe learned to
make about 160 separate signs meaning (11)_
things as 'Give me a drink' and 'banana'. Washoe even learned to swear. She had a teacher called Jack
(12)_once refused to give her a drink. Washoe
got angrier and angrier and used several signs
(13)_meant 'dirty Jack'.
A group of chimps at a research institute in
Atlanta, Georgia, have recently (14)_taught
to type sentences using a computer. The chimps'
trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the
mistakes made (15)_one of the chimps. The
chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop correcting him and typed out the following request: 'Tim, please leave room'.
B Here are the missing words. Fill each of the numbered spaces 1-15 with one word. There is an example at the beginning (0).
also      and       another     at been by        each     least like on
such     the       them        who which
VOCABULARY
A Read this text and the words in capital letters below. Change the form of each word so that it fits the numbered space. An example is given (0).
Chimps use (0) different  sounds. These sounds have
various (1)_and chimps use these sounds as
a means of (2)_. This is one (3)_
between chimps, whales and dolphins. There has been
a great deal of (4)_research into this
recently. However, this research has not produced ..
(5)_that these animals really have a
language. A (6)_of sounds is not the same
thing as a language, which has some kind of
(7)_structure. Most scientists are in
(8)_about this.
0 DIFFERENCE 5 PROVE
1 MEAN 6 COLLECT
2 COMMUNICATE        7 GRAMMAR
3 SIMILAR 8 AGREE
4 SCIENCE
B Study these sentences. The same pair of words is used twice. How does the meaning change? > GS9.1
1 Have you ever looked into a microscope?
2 Have you ever looked into the way animals communicate with each other?
3 Let's go to London. Let's go on the train.
4 Please don't go on talking about the problem.
5 Go up the stairs and turn left.
6 Prices often go up but rarely come down.
7 Come down here at once.
8 Look up at the sky.
9 Look up the meaning of that word.
Read aloud the example that means
1 investigate
2 continue
3 rise
4 fall
5 find information in a book or list
LANGUAGE STUDY_
stop doing vs. stop to do > GS 5.3
A Answer the questions below.
1 A few minutes ago, the man in the picture was working. What did he stop doing a few minutes ago?
2 What did he stop to do?
3 His lunch break is at 12 noon. What does he stop doing at 12 noon?
4 What does he stop to do at 12 noon?
5 Imagine he can hear a radio when he is eating. Suddenly someone on the radio says 'Ladies and gentlemen. Here is a very important announcement.' What do you think the man would probably stop doing?
6 What would he probably stop to do?
7 If you were in the middle of an English lesson and suddenly heard an explosion outside, what would you probably stop doing?
8 What would you probably stop to do?
who, which or whose7. > GS 11.1, 11.2
B Complete these sentences with who, which or whose.
1 Whales and dolphins both make sounds_
in some ways are similar to a language.
2 People_work with dolphins are often
surprised at how intelligent they are.
3 One scientist_has studied dolphins
carefully is John Lilly.
4 Lilly was the director of an institute_
became famous for its research.
5 Another person_work has become well
known is Roger Fouts.
6 Fouts,_has studied the behaviour of other
animals, taught a chimpanzee sign language.
7 This is the kind of language_is used by
deaf and dumb people.
8 'Dumb' is the word used in English for someone _is unable to speak.
9 The chimpanzee,_name was Washoe,
learned about 160 signs.
In which of the above sentences can you also use that! In which sentence can you only use who!
When do you have to use the! > GS 3.2, 3.3
C How many mistakes can you find in this text?
Most lines contain an unnecessary word. Underline these words and tick any lines that are correct. There are two examples (0) and (00).
0 Roger Fouts is a scientist who is very interested in / 00 the behaviour of the animals. For years he has
1 studied the animal behaviour. He has also studied
2 the chimpanzees. One of the chimpanzees he
3 studied was called Washoe. He taught Washoe to
4 make the signs as a means of communication. All
5 over the world, the deaf and dumb people use signs
6 to communicate. The grammar of sign language is
7 very different from the English grammar or the ;8 grammar of other languages of the world. Some
9 people think the sign language is not a real
10 language but they are completely wrong. The
11 vocabulary and grammar of the sign language is
12 very rich. Chimpanzees can learn the signs that
13 are part of sign language but they cannot learn the
14 grammar. That is why the communication is not
15 very easy for them when they use sign language.
4 • •  UNIT I
FOCUS TWO
UNIT I
5
LISTENING B
A You will hear people talking in three different situations. For questions 1-3, choose the best answer, A, B or C. ^
1  You are in the south of England when you hear this. What is the weather like? A It is much colder. B It may snow. C It is snowing heavily.
I I m j
i
You hear two people talking in the street. What is one of them looking for? A a language school B a church C a hotel
3 A woman is phoning someone. Who is she talking to?
A someone in Germany
B a student at a language school
C someone a student is, going to stay with
B You will hear the first conversation again. For questions 4-7, complete the sentences that summarize what the speaker says.
The good news is that last night for the first time in seven days there was
SPEAKING
However, this weather brings a
In fact, in some parts of the country there have already been 1 6 | |.
However, the weather has been even worse in
C You will hear the second conversation again. For questions 8-10, choose from the list A-D where the three places are. There is one letter that you do not need to use.
A It is just around the corner. B It is the first place you see when you get to the right street.
C It is next to the first place you see when you get
to the right street. D It is right in front of where the two speakers are
standing.
[I
The school The hotel [± The church
10
D You will hear the third conversation again. Answer questions 11-16 by writing
S (the speaker), W [Mrs Wellford), H (Mrs Wellford's husband), or K (Klaus Klein).
Whose plane was delayed?
Who is in the same room as the student?
Who did the speaker talk to earlier this evening?
Who didn't know the student would be late?
Who is the speaker speaking to now?
Who forgot to give someone some important information?
in
12
01
16
A Finding out about each other
Ask your partners:
• why they want to learn English.
• how they think English may help them in later life.
• what problems they have had learning English.
B Problem solving
The picture below shows some of the things many language schools in Britain offer their students. In pairs or groups first discuss these questions.
1 What is happening in each picture?
2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of learning English in Britain or another country where English is spoken, rather than learning English in your own country?
3 Suppose you are planning to study English at a school in Britain. Which of these facilities or features do you think are very important? Which do you think are not so important? Give reasons for your answers.
• small classes of between 6 and 9 students
• a library   • use of computers
• a language laboratory   • tennis courts
• sports facilities   • a canteen
C Discussion
In pairs or groups discuss which of these activities you think have helped you to learn English.
• reading English
• looking up words in a dictionary
• speaking to other students in your class in English
• listening to your teacher speak English
• having a friend who speaks English as his or her native language
Now tell your partners one other activity or thing that you think can help you to learn English.
6  •   UNIT I
FOCUSTHREE
FOCUSTHREE
UNIT
WRITING_
Composition (argument) 1
In Part 2 of Paper 2, you may be asked to write a composition. One type of composition asks you to write about the advantages and disadvantages of a particular topic. You must organize what you are going to say before you start writing.
A Below is a composition on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the country. Fill each of the numbered spaces with one of the following words or phrases. Try not to use the same expression twice.
First of all/Firstly
In addition/ Moreover/Furthermore So/As a result/Therefore However/On the other hand/In contrast In conclusion/To sum up I On the whole
Living in the country is something that people from the city often dream about. (1)_
in reality, it has both its advantages and disadvantages.
There are certainly many advantages to living in
the country. (2)_, you can enjoy peace
and quiet. (3)_, people tend to be
friendlier and more open. A further advantage is that there is less traffic, so it is safer for young children.
(4)_, there are certain drawbacks to
life outside the city. (5)_, because
there are fewer people, you are likely to have
fewer friends. (6)_, entertainment is
difficult to find, particularly in the evening. Furthermore, the fact that there are fewer shops and services means that it is harder to find work.
(7)_, you may have to travel a long
way to work, which can be extremely expensive.
(8)_, it can be seen that the country is
more suitable for some people than others,
(9)_, it is often the best place for those
who are retired or who have young children.
(10)_, young, single people who have a
career are better provided for in the city.
B Match these headings to the four paragraphs.
Disadvantages Advantages Conclusion Introduction
C Make a list of all the advantages and
disadvantages mentioned in the composition.
D The following notes, on the advantages and disadvantages of television, are mixed up. Put the notes into two lists. An example is given.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES stops people feeling lonely
stops people feeling lonely bad for the eyes can be educational
stops people from talking to each other discourages people from taking exercise cheap
makes reading seem less attractive good for old people living alone can create problems in the family good for children
stops people from going to the theatre, cinema, etc. bad for the sports industry
Can you add any more advantages or disadvantages to these lists?
E Here are some other useful expressions for this kind of composition.
One of the advantages/disadvantages of... is ... There are advantages and disadvantages to ... The (main) advantage/disadvantage of... is ... The main drawback/problem with ... is ... A further advantage (of)(problem (with) ... is
F Read these notes before you write a composition on one of the topics in G.
1 Make two lists - one of advantages, one of disadvantages.
2 Decide in what order you will mention the points.
3 Decide what to say in the introduction and the conclusion.
4 Use some of the words and phrases in A and E above to link your composition.
G Write your composition in four paragraphs, leaving a line between each one. You should write between 120 and 180 words.
1 Your teacher has asked you to write a composition with the following title:
TV: is it a good thing?
2 Your teacher has asked you to write a composition answering the following question:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living at home with your parents?
UNIT I
FOCUS FOUR
REVISION AND EXTENSION
How words change from verb to noun
A Look at the word in capital letters. Complete each short passage with the correct form of the word. Does the word always change? What form of the word do you need in each space?
1 AGREE
The two sides have signed an_to end the
fighting, and most independent observers_
that the deal is fair to everyone.
2 MEAN
Have you ever been abroad and asked yourself 'What
does that word_?' Well, now you can find out
with the help of the Electronic Translator, a small
computer that lists the_of over 20,000
common words in six European languages.
3 ARRIVE
We went to the airport to collect Katie at 2.30. We checked the screens in the hall, but there was no
news of the_of her flight. Then we went to
the information desk, and were told that there would
be a long delay and in the end she didn't_
until 9.30.
4 COLLECT
My uncle_stamps, and the other day he went
to see an expert. He took his_along, and he
was told that it was worth thousands of pounds because he had a number of very rare and unusual stamps.
B When a verb changes to a noun, the form can change in a number of ways. Can you think of other examples of each of the following?
• A special ending (a suffix) is added: amuse - amusement  act-action appear - appearance   refer - reference refuse - refusal   tend - tendency
• A vowel and/or consonant changes: sell - sale    believe - belief
• The spelling is the same but the pronunciation changes:
I don't use (/z/) soap. I have no use (Is!) for soap.
• Some verbs ending in -se have noun forms ending in ~ce:
to advise - advice to practise -practice
• In a few cases, the stress changes : reimport (imPORT) cars.
This is an import. (IMport)
• But with many verbs, the noun form is exactly the same:
I love you. Love is a dangerous thing. I hate you. Hate is a strong feeling.
C How do these forms change? Give the missing form of the words below.
VERB
suggest explain
satisfy
interfere
encourage
see
give
prove
advise
NOUN
suggestion explanation
permission
appearance
delivery
breath
export
practice
• From the completed table above and from any other words you know, make a list of endings like -ion which show you a word is a noun,
• Pronounce the words in the table. Do you notice any other changes from verb to noun?
D Complete the following passage with the correct form of the words in capital letters (1-10). You will have to change a verb to a noun or a noun to a verb.
The fear of crime is leading to the (01 transformation of housing estates into fortresses. In Rosemont, USA, the local council decided to fence off an entire neighbourhood of 2,000 people. It is only possible to
(1)_the estate by two gateways, which are
manned 24 hours a day by armed police. Anyone who wants to (2)_is asked to provide
(3)_and has to give the police a reasonable
(4)_of why they want to come in. A video
camera films the (5)_plates of all the cars
that come in and out. The people of Rosemont have
had mixed (6)_to the scheme. Some
residents (7)_it is a good idea, and point
out that there have been no crimes since the
(8)_of the scheme. However, others are
not pleased. Linda Edwards, a (9)_, said:
'These are public streets, there's no (10)_
for the police to sit on our doorstep all the time. It's like living in a prison.'
0	TRANSFORM	6	REACT
1	ENTRANCE	7	THOUGHT
2	VISITOR	8	INTRODUCE
3	IDENTIFY	9	TEACH
4	EXPLAIN	10	NEED
5	LICENSE		
FOCUS FIVE
UNIT I