39 Ability, can, can't, could, couldn't : We form sentences with can like this: can +infinitive I can ski. positive I/He/She/It/We/You/They can ski. 3 We form sentences with could like this: I could + infinitive could swim. negative FULL SHORT FORM FORM I/He/She/It/You (etc.) cannot ski. can't ski. questions Can I/he/she/it/you (etc.) ski? In spoken English cannot is possible, but we normally use can't: He can't swim. For short answers (Can you swim? ~ No, I can't), see Unit 37. 2 We use can and can't to talk about things we are able to do generally. She can speak Japanese. (~ She is able to speak Japanese.) He can't ski. (= He isn't able to ski.) We also use can and can't to talk about things we are able to do at the moment: I can see the moon. (= I am able to see it now.) positive I/he/she/it/we/you/they could ski. negative FULL FORM SHORT FORM 1/he/you (etc.) could not ski couldn't ski. We use could to talk about things we were able to do generally in the past / could run 100 metres in 12 seconds when I was young. Susan could read when she was three years old. 4 We do not normally use could for something that happened on a particular occasion in the past. We use was able to or managed to: The boat was in difficulties, but in the end it managed to reach the port. (or... it was able to reach not ... it could reach ...) 5 When we talk about a person's ability to do something in the future, we use will be able to. The baby will be able to talk soon. Practice Complete the sentences with can, can't or couldn't and the verbs in brackets (). ► You don't have to shout. 1 pan hear............. (hear) you very well. | couldn't watch...... (watch) that programme last night because I had to go out. He........................ (play) last week because he was injured. He eats in restaurants all the time because he ........................ (cook). 3 I ........................ (give) you a lift in my car because it isn't working at the moment. 4 I didn't have a good seat in the theatre, so I ........................ (see) the stage very well. 5 John doesn't need a calculator. He........................ (do) very difficult sums in his head. 6 She's very good at music. She........................ (play) three instruments. 7 I ........................ (find) my address book. Have you seen it? 8 He spoke very quickly and I ........................ (understand) anything he said. 9 We............ (go) on the trip because we........................ (afford) it. It was very expensive. 10 I ........................ (do) any more work because I was very tired, so I stopped. I'm afraid that I ........................ (talk) to you now. I'm in a hurry. I have to be at work in 11 five minutes. page 86 • modal verbs B Use the words in brackets () to complete each sentence, with can, can't, could or couldn't. ► Sarah phoned Jane yesterday. (They/not/talk/for a long time, because Jane had to go out.) Ihev couldn't talk for a longtime, because Jane bad to go.o.ut. 1 Grandma needs her glasses. (She/not/see/anything without her glasses.) She ...................................................................................................... 2 Mary won her race. (She was so tired after the race that she/not/stand up.) She...................................................................................................... 3 (Last year, Robert/beat/his younger brother at chess.) But he can't beat him now. Last year, .............................................................................................. 4 John and Anna have a wonderful view from their hotel room. (They/see/the whole of the city.) They..................................................................................................... Complete these sentences using managed to or the correct form of be able to. ► I was able to/manag.ed.to., get the last ticket for the concert. 1 After waiting for a long time, we................................ go into the museum. 2 They ................................ buy a new carpet yesterday. 3 I ................................ eat three plates of pasta in the restaurant last night! 4 Our friends ................................ visit us tomorrow afternoon. 5 She ................................ have a long holiday next year. 6 We................................ ski in Scotland last weekend. D Look at this table and complete the sentences using can, could, or will be able to. Joy Mark Anne Carol Tom LAST YEAR NOW swim 100 metres swim 1000 metres type 15 words per minute type 30 words per minute speak only a little French speak French quite well only cook omelettes cook quite well only play the piano HOPES FOR THE FUTURE swim for her club team work as a secretary work as an interpreter work as a chef Susan ride a bike play the piano and the violin be a professional musician drive a car__drive a racing car ► Last year Joy popU swim ipp.metres... . Now, she.ca.nswimippp.metr.es, ► At the moment Anne pan speak .French........... quite well, and if she studies hard, perhaps she'll, be able to.work...... as an interpreter. Last year Mark.................................Now, ................................ . Last year Anne................................ . Now, ................................ . At the moment Carol .................................and if she works hard, perhaps Last year Tom ................................ . Now, studies hard, perhaps.................. Last year Susan .................................Now, hopes that one day................. and if he , and she modal verbs • page 87 40 Can/Could I? May I? Can/Could you? 1 We form questions with can, may and could like this: questions Can May Could } I/he/she/it/we (etc.) wait? 2 We use can, may and could to ask for things: Can etc. + I/we + have ... ? Can I have a coffee? Tcan we have «h* nin^x*^) >-—---ii-n Could we have two tickets, please? Can I have some sugar? 3 We use can, may or could to ask for permission. Could I and May I are more formal and polite than Can I: Can/May/Could + I/we + infinitive...? May see her? Could we look at your map, please? Can I borrow your tennis racquet, please? We use can or may to give permission: You can leave your bag here, (or ... may leave...) If we talk about what is allowed in general, rather than by a particular person, we use can: People can drive on the roads when they are seventeen. But official notices often use may: BAGS MAY BE LEFT HERE. ■ We use Can you, Could you and Would you (but not May you) when we ask someone to do something. Could and would are more formal and polite than can. Can/Could/Would + you + infinitive ...? Could you help me? (Could you buy me a newspofx^ Vflr A: I'm cold. Can you close the window? B: Yes, of course. Practice A Put the words in brackets () in the right order to make questions. ► (have - a return ticket to York - could - please - I - ?) Could.', have s return ticket to Yorlc, please?.................................... 1 (please - I - may - a glass of orange juice - have - ?) 2 (we - listen to your new CD - can - ?) 3 (your mobile - please - use - I - can - ?) 4 (may - borrow - your camera tomorrow - I - ?) 5 (please - the menu - pass - you - could - ?) 6 (can - this letter for me - you - post - ?) B Ask for permission. Use the words in brackets () and the words in the box. use your photocopier borrow your pen use your dictionary turn on the TV close the window ► situation: You want to find the meaning of a word, (may i) M^y.J,y?.?.YP.yr.d'ptioriary?............................... 1 situation: You want to write down a telephone number, (can I) .................................................................. 2 situation: You want to watch a programme. (can I ... please) .................................................... 3 situation: You're feeling cold. (may i) ................................................................. 4 situation: You need a photocopy of a letter. (may I ... please) ................................................... C Ask people to do things. Use the words in brackets () and the phrases in the box. buy me a magazine tell me the time make me a sandwich tell me the way to Buckingham Palace carry one of these cases problem: You're sick. You're in bed. You're bored, (can you ... please) Canjypu bu.y me a magazine,.pjeaes? problem: Your suitcases are very heavy. (could you) ......................................................... problem: You're lost in London. (could you ... please) ........................................... problem: You've forgotten to put your watch on. (can you)........................................................... problem: You're hungry. You're very tired. (can you ... please) ............................................. D Choose the right word from the words in brackets (), and put it in the gap. ► Could......... (May/Could) you give me one of these forms, please? 1 In the street: Excuse me, officer, ................ (could/may) you tell me how to get to the station? 2 At a railway station: A: Let's have our sandwiches here. B:................ (Couldn't/Can't) you read? Look at the notice; it says: 'FOOD ................ (MAY/COULD) NOT BE EATEN IN THIS WAITING ROOM.' 3 A: ................ (Could/May) you phone Jenny about tomorrow's meeting? B: I ................ (may not/can't/couldn't) phone her because she has lost her mobile. 4 A: ................ (May/Could) someone help me? B: What................ (may/can) I do to help you? A: We need to move the chairs and to clean this room. Can you help? B: I'm afraid I ................ (may not/can't) move the chairs because of my bad back. modal verbs • page 89 page 88 * modal verbs 41 Must, mustn't 1 We use must with an infinitive (do, go, work, etc.): You must infinitive j workl harder. Don't use to before the infinitive: not You must to work harder. The form of must is the same for all persons: I/you/he/she/it/we/they must leave soon. 2 We use must in rules, to say that an action is necessary: All visitors must go to reception when they arrive. We use You must ... to give somebody an order: Your work is poor -you must try harder. You must finish this work tomorrow. We use I/We must... to say that we think it is necessary or important that we do something: I'm getting tired. I must go home now. We must get a new car soon. 3 We also use You must ... to strongly recommend or offer something: You must read this book; it's fantastic! You must come for lunch at our house. 4 The negative form of must is mustn't or must not: You mustn't park here - it's not allowed. not You mustn't to park here-. 5 We use You mustn't... (or You must not) to say that it is necessary that somebody does NOT do something: You mustn't smoke in here. You mustn't make this mistake again. We use I/We mustn't... (or must not) to say that we think it is necessary that we do NOT do something: / mustn't forget her birthday again. We mustn't be late for the meeting. 6 Notice that we can use must and mustn't (not will must) to talk about the future: I must phone Harry tomorrow. (not I will must phone ...) To talk about what was necessary in the past, we cannot use must; we use a form of have to (see Unit 42). We don't generally use must in a question form. We use have to (see Unit 42). Practice A The 'Hotel Strict' is not a very nice hotel. It has a lot of rules. Read the list of rules, and change each one into a sentence using must or must not. Notice to guests Leave your key at reception when you go out. Vacate your room by 9 a.m. on the day you leave. Return to the hotel before 10 o'clock every night. Do not take food into your room. Pay for your room when you arrive. Do not smoke in the restaurant. ► You must leave............. your key at reception when you go out. 1 You................................ food into your room. 2 ................................ for your room when you arrive. 3 ................................ your room by 9 a.m. on the day you leave. 4 ................................ in the restaurant. 5 ................................ to the hotel before 10 o'clock every night. B Look at this table of instructions for students in a school. Use the table to make sentences with must or mustn't. Attend all classes. Take school books home with you. Make a noise in the corridors. Write in school books. Arrive for lessons on time. Bring your own pens and paper. Yes No / / / ► X?K .1WPP. attend........... all classes. 1 ................................ school books home with you. 2 ................................ a noise in the corridors. 3 ................................ in school books. 4 ................................ for lessons on time. 5 ................................ your own pens and paper. C Henry wants to make some changes in his life. Look at the pictures and make sentences using the phrases in the box with must or mustn't. study in the evening run every morning dress^martly watch TV all day smoke visit my grandmother sleep in the afternoon dance all night ►.' jyiVRtn't smoke. _ _ _ ► I_mus t dress smartly. -j 'ó........................ 4........................ 5........................ 6 D Rewrite the sentences in brackets () using must or mustn't/must not. It's wonderful. .... It's bad. ► (Have some of this fish. It's wonderful.) You must hayeeome of th is fish.............................................. 1 (Don't tell lies. It's bad.) You ................................................................................ 2 (Passengers: Do not open the door while the train is moving.) Passengers .........................................................while the train is moving. 3 (Come for dinner with us one evening next week!) You ..................................................................... one evening next week! 4 (All staff: show identity cards when you enter the building.) All staff ......................................................... when they enter the building. 5 (It's bad for you to eat so much unhealthy food.) You .....................................................................so much unhealthy food. 6 (Follow the instructions when using this machine.) You ....................................................................when using this machine. page 90 * modal verbs modal verbs • page 9! 42 Have to 1 The Present Simple forms of have to are: POSITIVE and NEGATIVE have don' has I/you/we/they {^thave 1 ? has [ \ doesn't have J to go. He/she/it QUESTIONS Do I/you/we/they 1 . Does he/she/it ' have t0^ We use have to to talk about things that are necessary because of rules that other people oblige us to follow: My brother has to travel a lot in his job. (It is required by his employer.) We have to pay the rent every month. (It is required by the landlord.) To talk about things that WE think are necessary, we usually use must (see Unit 43). We don't have to hurry; we're early. {- It's not necessary to hurry. We have plenty of time.) I don't have to get up early on Sunday. (I can stay in bed if I want.) 5 We can use have got to with the same meaning as have to to talk about something that is necessary at one particular time (but not in general): J have to/I've got to make a phone call now. You don't have to/haven't got to do this immediately. 6 The past form of have to is had to: 7 had to do a lot of work yesterday. (See Unit 48.) The future form of have to is will have to: He'll have to look for another job. We won't have to get tickets in advance. Will they have to get visas? Note that we cannot use have got to in past or future forms: Yesterday I had to work hard, (not 4-had 8 We can use the Present Simple of have to to talk about the future: I have to do some shopping tomorrow. Do you have to work next weekend? 5 Shop assistants often ................................ uniforms. 6 Teachers ................................ uniforms. B Complete the sentences using the correct forms of have to or have got to and the words in brackets (). Be careful to use the correct tense. ► J.have tojeaye...................... (I/leave) now; I've got an appointment at the dentist's. ► fJid you.have to study............. (you/study) literature when you were at school? ► You haven't ^ot to co™.......... (You/not/come) with me now if you don't want to. 1 ........................................ (I/not/work) hard because the job was very easy. 2 ........................................ (I/do) this work now, or can I do it tomorrow? 3 ........................................ (l/run) to school because I was late. 4 ........................................ (I/go) to an important meeting yesterday. 5 ......................................... (you/show) your passports when you reached the border? 6 ........................................ (I/pay) in cash next week or can I give you a cheque? 7 I want to be an airline pilot. What qualifications ........................................ (you/have) to be a pilot? 8 ........................................ (You/not/decide) today. You can tell me tomorrow. 9 I arrived late yesterday because ......................................... (I/wait) a long time for a bus. 10 A: ......................................... (you/work) every weekend? B: No, I don't; but........................................ (I/work) last weekend. C Complete the conversations, using the correct forms of have to or have got to. A: (Good morning, I'd like to buy a travel card. What/I/do?) (►) QP.°d .?l?r.n.i.n0: .I'd [if* ,to buy a .travel card.. What dp. I .have.to dp?............................ B: (You/fill/in an application form.) (1)........................................................................................................... A: (l/give/you/a photograph?) (2)........................................................................................................... B: (No, you/not/give/me anything, except the money for the card!) (3)........................................................................................................... the information to complete the Dad: (What/you/do/at school today?) (►) Wfl$P. did.you.tiaye to do at school today?, Geoff: (We/do/some/English tests.) (4)......................................................... Dad: (How many questions/you/answer?) (5)......................................................... Geoff: (We/answer/about forty grammar questions.) (6)......................................................... (I/think/about them very carefully.) (7)......................................................... Dad: (you/write/a composition?) (8)......................................................... Geoff: (No, but we/do/one next week.) (9)......................................................... modal verbs • page 93 43 Must/have to, mustn't/don't have to We use must when the speaker thinks it is necessary or important to do an action: You must go. (= It is important that you go.) We make negatives, questions and short answers like this: You mustn't go. Must you go? ~ Yes, I must. We use have to to talk about an action that is necessary because of rules or laws, or because someone obliges us to do it: Doctors sometimes have to work on Sunday. (It is in the rules of their work.) We make negatives, questions and short answers with a form of do: Teachers don't have to work on Sunday. Do you have to work today? ~ No, 1 don't. positive In positive sentences we can often use must and have to with little difference in meaning, because many things are important both because we think so and because there are rules: You must work hard in order to succeed (or ... you have to work ... ). 4 negative Note the difference in meaning between mustn't and don't have to. In negative sentences we often use mustn't to say that something is against the rules, or against the law: You mustn't smoke on buses. (Smoking is against the rules.) In football you mustn't touch the ball with your hands. (Touching the ball is against the rules.) We use don't have to to say that people are not obliged to do something: In Britain, people don't have to carry a passport with them. (= People are not obliged to carry one.) Nowadays pupils do not have to learn Latin at school. (- They are not obliged to learn it.) 5 questions In questions we usually use do/does ... have to (not must) to ask if something is obligatory or important: Does Michael have to get up early tomorrow? Do we have to wait here? Practice A The Stanton Squash Club has decided that it is important for all club members to do these things: _ wear sports shoes and clean clothes have a shower pay before you play finish on time But these things are not allowed: disturb other players eat or drink outside the bar take club balls home start on time. Put have to, don't have to or mustn't in the gaps. ► You dorithayeto....... wear white clothes, but you have to............... wear sports shoes. ► You J?.y?£rft.............. disturb other players, but you don't have to....... be silent. 1 You ........................ finish on time, but you ..................... 2 You ........................ play with club balls, but if you do, you them home. 3 You ........................ eat or drink outside the bar, but you ........................ buy your food in the bar if you don't want to. 4 You ........................ have a shower, and you ........................ wear clean clothes. take B Look at the signs and complete the sentences with don't have to or mustn't. ANTIQUES Please feel free to come in. (No eating inside.) Entry possible 30 minutes before the concert. No late arrivals allowed. ► You don't have to. go in. ► You mustrtt.............. eat inside. arrive half an hour early. Drivers of large vehicles, wait for guard before crossing. 1 2 You ........................ arrive late. 3 Small vehicles ........................ wait. 4 Drivers of large vehicles ., cross alone. Please be quiet -4th-year exam in progress. LIBRARY No talking. Please leave books on tables. SWIMMING POOL Free swim today. No eating. No drinking. 5 Students........................ make a noise. 6 Third-year students ........................ take the exam. 7 You ........................ talk in the library. 8 You ........................ put the books back on the shelves. 9 Swimmers........................ pay today. 10 Swimmers ........................ eat or drink by the pool. C Put the words in the box in the gaps. Don't add any other words. Does she have to has she has must mustn't have does she Mark: We (►) have.......... to get up early tomorrow. Bob: Why? Mark: Have you forgotten? Angela (1)................ to move to a new flat tomorrow, and I promised we would help her. Bob: (2)................ have to move out by a particular time? Mark: No, there's no rush. She doesn't (3)................ leave her old flat before the afternoon, but there are lots of things that (4)................ to pack, so we (5)................ get there fairly early. Bob: Why (6)................ have to move, by the way? Mark: She said that I (7)................ tell you because she wants to tell you herself, when she sees you tomorrow. page 94• modal verbs modal verbs • page 95 44 Must, can't, may, might, could 1 We use must, can't, may and could with an infinitive (e.g. be, go, come, earn): They must 2 certainty Look at this example with must: ]ane got top marks in her exams. She must be very clever. (= From what we know, we can be certain that Jane is very clever.) We use must to say we are certain: The Greens have two houses and two cars. They must earn a lot of money. (= We can be sure that the Greens earn a lot of money.) A: There's someone outside in an orange car. B: It must be Susan. She's the only person I know with an orange car. 3 impossibility | She can't be poor. Look at this example with can't: Mark studied hard for his exams, but he got poor marks; he can't be very clever. (= From what we know, we can guess that Mark is not very clever.} We use can't to talk about impossibility: The Browns both have part-time jobs; they cant earn much money. (= We can guess that the Browns do not earn a lot of money.) A: There's someone at the door. I think it's Bill B: It can't be Bill He's in Australia. 4 possibility She {may ~| might V could J be in the garden. Look at this example with may: A: Eve's not in her room. Where is she? B: She may be in the garden. (= From what we know, perhaps she is in the garden.) We use may, might and could for something that is possible but not certain, now or in the future: My sister might come tomorrow. (= From what we know, perhaps she will come.) Now look at this example with may not: A: I've phoned Jill, but there's no answer. B: She may not be at home, (or She might not be ...) (= Perhaps she is not at home.) Could not is not possible here. Practice A Complete the sentences using must or can't and one of the verbs from the box. ► 1 2 3 4 Anna lived in America for three years, so she must speak _ English. Tom's brother doesn't know anything about medicine, so he can't be...... a doctor. Jane has an incredible number of CDs. She................ music a lot. Peter doesn't speak German, so he................ from Germany. This jacket................ to Janet because it's not her size. --...-.w hum hppanse he doesn't kr That man 'around here because he doesn't know any of the street names. 5 Jack................ a lot of clothes. He wears War 6 Sam's grandmother is over 80 years old, so she ......... ... the becona 7 You've get ten cats aiready. You ..... ...... to get -other one 8 Susan buys a new dress every day. She................ a iot or mo y something different every day. B Someone has robbed a bank. The police are sure that the criminal is one of these men. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using can't be, could be or must be. ) Brown Rogers ► A witness says that the robber had short hair. If that's true, then it can't be...... Drake or Rogers, but it could be..... Hall. ► A witness says that the robber had glasses. If that's true, then it can't be...... Brown or Drake. It must be...... either Hall or Rogers or Smith. 1 A witness says that the robber had black hair. If that's true, then it................ Hall, but it................ Brown. 2 A witness says that the robber had a moustache. If that's true, then it................ Rogers but it ................ Drake or Brown. 3 A witness says that the robber didn't have a beard. If that's true, then it................ Drake or Brown but it................ Hall or Smith. 4 A witness says that the robber had a moustache, but no beard. If that's true, then it ................ Drake or Rogers. It................ Hall. 5 A witness says that the robber had black hair and wore glasses. If that's true, then it ................ Rogers. It ................ Hall. 6 And if what everyone says is true, then it ................ . C Complete the dialogues with must, can't or might and one of the phrases in the box. cost a lot of money come this weekend be-a-soJdier work long hours go to Portugal take much interest also be at the shops be at the gym Ruth: I think Ann's brother is in the army. James: He can't be.a soldier; he's only 15. Bob: What are you going to do next summer? Susan: I don't know. We .........................but it's not certain yet. Fred: Mike's new flat is all electric - kitchen, heating, everything. Peter: That........................ in electricity bills, Sam: Is Mary coming to see us this week? Sally: It depends on her work. She ........................ if she finishes the project that she's doing. Carol: Have Brian and Kim got any children? Tom: Yes, they have two children, but they........................ in them, because they never talk about them. Andrew: Do you see your new neighbours very much? Sarah: No, they........................ , because they are hardly ever at home. Paul: Fred's gone out, hasn't he? Where has he gone? Ann: I don't know. He................. or he ......................... modal verbs • page 97 page 96• modal verbs 45 Should, shouldn't We use should with an infinitive (do, go, etc. infinitive I should \do \some work tonight. The form of should is the same for all persons: I/you/he/she/it/we/they should go. The negative form is shouldn't: You shouldn't sit in the sun all day. They shouldn't spend so much money. We use I should or we should to say what is a good thing for us to do: I should go home. It's midnight. We should invite them for a meal We use I or we shouldn't to say that something is a bad thing for us to do: I shouldn't spend so much money. We use you should/shouldn't to give advice: You should look for a better job. You shouldn't drive so fast. Should is not as strong as must or have to. Compare: You should eat more fruit. (It's a good idea.) 'You must eat more fruit,' said the doctor. (It's very important). 4 We use the question form should I/we ask for advice: to What should I say to Helen? I need a new passport. Where should I go? 5 We can say I think we should, I don't think you should, etc. to give an opinion: f~ I *Kink we I should get \newcar. I don't think you should believe everything he says. We do not usually say: 6 We can use do you think I should ...? to ask for advice: He hasn't replied to my email. Do you think I should phone him? What do you think I should give Tom for his birthday? Practice A Complete the sentences, using should or shouldn't and the words in brackets (). ► You shouldn't work......... (You/work) so hard. Have a holiday. ► I enjoyed that film. We should go................ (We/go) to the cinema more often. 1 ................................ (You/park) here. It's not allowed. 2 What................................ (I/cook) for dinner tonight? 3 ................................ (You/wear) a coat. It's cold outside. 4 ................................ (You/smoke). It's bad for you. 5 ................................ (We/arrive) at the airport two hours before the flight. 6 ................................ (I/pay) now or later? 7 Do you think ................................ (I/apply) for this job? 8 What do you think................................ (l/write) in this space on the form? 9 ................................ (I/eat) any more cake. I've already eaten too much. 10 This food is terrible. ................................ (We/complain) to the manager. 11 Which shirt do you think ................................ (l/buy)? B Henry is cooking a meal. Give him some useful advice. Use you should or you shouldn't and the notes in the box. Don't leave the meat in the oven for more than one hour. Cut the onions as small as possible. Use fresh herbs and fresh vegetables. Don't put in too much salt and pepper. Wait until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it. Heat the oven before you put the meat in. Cut the meat into four equal slices. ► You shouldn't leave........ the meat in the oven for more than one hour. 1 ................................ the onions as small as possible. 2 ................................ fresh herbs and fresh vegetables. 3 ................................ in too much salt and pepper. 4 ................................ until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it. 5 ................................ the oven before you put the meat in. 6 ................................ the meat into four equal slices. Write this conversation between Brian and Keith using the words in brackets (). Put in cfoor should where required. Brian: (I want to buy a motorbike. What/you/think/I/do?) (►) I.wanp. to .buy.a motorbike..What do.ypu.think.I. should.do? Keith: (You/look/at the advertisements in the papers.) (►) You shqujd look at the advertisements in the papers...i Brian: (Which papers/I/get?) (1)...................................................................................................... Keith: (I think/you/buy/the local newspapers.) (2)...................................................................................................... Brian: (What/you/think/I/do/before I buy a bike?) (3)...................................................................................................... Keith: (l/not/think/you/decide/too quickly.) (4)...................................................................................................... (You/check/the condition of the bike.) (5)...................................................................................................... (You/ask/somebody who knows about bikes to look at the bike for you.) (6)...................................................................................................... (You/not/buy/one simply because it looks nice!) (7)...................................................................................................... (You/be/very careful.) (8)...................................................................................................... modal verbs • page 99 page 98• modal verbs 47 Need, needn't, needn't have 1 We use the verb need to talk about things that we must do. We use to + infinitive (e.g. to do, to go) after need: to + infinitive / need to go j tothe dentist's. After he/she/it we use needs: Mary/she needs to buy some white paint. We make negatives, questions and short answers with a form of do: You don't need to go to the doctor's. Mary doesn't need to buy any green paint. A: Do you need to go to the dentist's? B: Yes, I do./No, I don't. A: Does Mary need to buy any brushes? B: Yes, she does./No, she doesn't. 2 We can also use need to talk about things that we must get. Here we use an object after need; Mary needs I don't need Does Peter need object some white paint, a new car. | any help? 3 To talk about what we do not need to do, we can use needn't. We use an infinitive (e.g. go, buy) after needn't. Needn't has the same meaning as don't/doesn't need to: [infinitive | You needn't \go\to the shops. We have enough food. (or You don't need to go to the shops.} Mary needn't buy any paint. (or Mary doesn't need to buy any paint.) We cannot use needn't before an object (e.g. your coat); we must use don't need: You don't need your coat. It's not cold outside. (not You needn't your coat,) We can use needed to for past time: They needed to clean everything before they started to paint. The negative past simple form is didn't need to. The room wasn't dirty so they didn't need to clean it before they started to paint it. (= It was not necessary to clean the room so we didn't clean it.) We use needn't have + past participle to talk about something that was done although it wasn't necessary: We needn't have lit the fire, because it was a warm evening. (= We lit the fire, but it was not necessary to light it.) You needn't have bought any bread, Jim. There is plenty in the cupboard. (= You bought some bread, but it was not necessary.) Practice From the statements in brackets (), make a question and a short answer, like those in the examples. ► (Tom needs to take some warm clothes.) Ppes.Tom.need to take..... some warm.Pi^Jib?^.. ? ~ Yes, Jie.does..... ► (She doesn't need to study hard.) P.o^.p^?.^.^.^?.?^)!.^^........? ~ No, she doesn't, 1 (Fred needs a ladder.) ..........................................................? ~ Yes................ 2 (We don't need to go to the shops.)........................................? ~ No, ................ 3 (John doesn't need to leave before lunch.) ...............................? - No................. 4 (They need to check the train times.) .......................................? ~ Yes................ B Change each sentence in brackets () into a negative sentence with needn't, where possible, if not possible, write a negative sentence with doesn't/don't need. ► (Jane needs to pay Jim today.) ^nfM$M?.£?xJ!WM4AX:..................................... ► (The car needs new tyres.) J^.9.^tA9?P.^.nP.^^.?fi.ViirP.^-....................................... 1 (We need a lot of red paper.)........................................................................... 2 (Mark needs to get everything ready today.) ....................................................... 3 (Mary needs to leave at six o'clock.) ................................................................. 4 (Ann needs a new bag.) ................................................................................. C When there are exams or competitions at Brightside School, the school provides certain things for all the students, but there are other things that the school does not provide. Look at the table. Examinations The school provides: The school doesn't provide: art exams paint brushes maths exams rubbers pens and pencils drawing exams paper rulers and pencils tennis competitions balls racquets football competitions shirts shorts and boots Use the information in the table to write sentences with need to bring or needn't bring. *■ (art exams/paint) For.^.e^^^.students needn't bring gamt.^................................... ► (ten n is com petitions/racq u ets) for ten nle competitions; _stud ents_ need to. bririg .rackets.. 1 (maths exams/pens and pencils) ..................................................................... 2 (football competitions/shirts) ........................................................................... 3 (drawing exams/paper) .................................................................................. 4 (art exams/brushes) ...................................................................................... 5 (tennis competitions/balls) .............................................................................. 6 (football competitions/shorts and boots) ............................................................ 7 (maths exams/rubbers) .................................................................................. 8 (drawing exams/rulers and pencils) .................................................................. Rewrite the sentences using didn't need or needn't have + the correct form. ► The programmes didn't cost us anything. We didn't pay for them. We didn't have to pay.................. for the programmes. ► You took your umbrella yesterday but it didn't rain. You .needn't have taken.................. your umbrella yesterday. 1 Jill paid for her holiday in advance, but it wasn't necessary. Jill ........................................ for her holiday in advance. 2 My sister spoke to Sally yesterday, so I didn't phone her. I ......................................... Sally because my sister had spoken to her. 3 We bought extra food but now John and Mary can't come. We ......................................... extra food because John and Mary can't come. 4 Why did you work during the weekend? We don't have to finish until next week. You ........................................ during the weekend. 5 I didn't take my passport with me because an identity card was enough. I ......................................... my passport with me. modal verbs • page 103 page 102 • modal verbs 48 Had to do/go, should have done/gone I Look at this example: Jane had to wait an hour for a bus. Had to wait means that Jane waited because no bus came for an hour. We use had to to talk about something that someone did because it was necessary. If someone did not do something because it was not necessary, we use didn't have to: J didn't have to work last Saturday. {= I didn't work because it was not necessary.) The question form is did ... have to: Did you have to work last Saturday? Now consider this situation: Pam's job includes working on Saturday. Last Saturday she was ill, so she didn't work: Pam should have gone to work last Saturday, but she was HI. So she stayed at home. We use should have (done/gone, etc.) to say-that something which did not happen was the correct or best action. We can also use should have to criticize someone. Look at this example: Peter, a farm worker, didn't close a gate, and the cows got into the wrong field: Peter should have closed the gate. We use shouldn't have (done/gone, etc.) to say that something which did happen was not the correct action: J shouldn't have got angry with Jane. (= I got angry with Jane, but it was not a good thing to do.) Peter shouldn't have left the gate open. Practice A Complete the dialogues with had to, or did... have to and the words in brackets. ► Jim: When you had that stomach trouble, dld.Ypu.have to............. (you) go into hospital? Joan: No, J.^n^have.to............. (not) go into hospital, but ...................... stay in bed for a week. 1 Alan: Was there a translation in the exam? Jane: No, we................................ (not) translate anything, but we ................................ write three essays. 2 Ann: I was very busy yesterday. Bill: What................................ (you) do? Ann: I ................................ prepare everything for today's meeting. 3 Ken: ................................ (you) wear uniform when you were at school? Jean: Yes, and we................................ make sure it was always neat and tidy, as well. 4 Tom: What................................ (you) do to get your international driving licence? Tina: I ................................ show the police my national driving licence, but I ................................ (not) take another driving test. 5 Mark: Our children enjoyed their holiday at the summer camp. Mary: ................................ (they) help at mealtimes? Mark: Well, they................................ (not) make the food, but they ................................ (help) with the washing-up. page 104 • modal verbs Complete the sentences with should have or shouldn't have for these situations. ► Philip didn't take his medicine. Later he got very ill. Philip should have taken.......... his medicine. ► Sara drove her car when she was tired and she had an accident. Sara should have.driven......... her car when she was tired. 1 Tony didn't buy any sugar so he couldn't make a cake. Tony................................ some sugar. 2 Sally had a cold but she still went to the cinema. Later she had to stay in bed. Sally................................ to the cinema. 3 Ted ate a lot of apples. Later he had stomach ache. Ted ................................ so many apples. 4 Lucy didn't lock the door to her flat when she went to buy a newspaper. While she was away, someone stole her television. Lucy................................ the door when she went out. 5 Mary borrowed Tom's camera without asking him. Mary................................ Tom's camera without asking him. C Here is the work plan for the Information Office at Heathrow Airport for last weekend. If someone did not in fact work, there is a comment. SATURDAY SUNDAY On duty Comments On duty Comments Jenny / Colin / Brian ill Mary / Joan ill Derek ill Daniel Carol ill From the information in the table, write complete sentences using had to, didn't have to, or should have and the words in brackets. > > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Jenny/Saturday) jm*M™M&M.^$m........................................... (Colin/Saturday). Coliri .didn't have to work on Saturday........................................ (Carol/Sunday) ]^r^9MM?.^^M^M^-..................... but she was (Colin/Sunday) ...................................................................................... (Joan/Sunday) ...........................................................................; , IC, , x but he was (Derek/Sunday) .................................................................... (Mary/Saturday) .................................................................................... ,n ■ ,o . but he was (Brian/Saturday) ................................................................... (Daniel/Saturday) .................................................................................. /o * . but she was (Joan/Saturday)........................................... 8 (Derek/Saturday) modal verbs • page 105 Test E: Modal verbs A Chris is going to Carstairs College in Scotland. Miranda is already studying there. Cross out the modal verb forms that are wrong. Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: Chris: Miranda: B (►)Can I/Do I can ask you a few questions about Carstairs? Of course. (1) You should/You ought to get as much information as possible before you go. Do (2) I must/I have to wear a uniform? No, but (3) you must/you have dress smartly. You can't wear jeans. (4) Should I/Had I take my laptop computer with me? No, (5) you don't ought/you don't need to! You have to write all your essays by hand! What? Will (6) I be possible/l be able to use email? No, I'm afraid not. Carstairs is very old-fashioned. Anyway, when are you leaving? (7) I managed/I could to get a ticket for the train this evening. (8) I should/l must have reserved a seat, though. (9) I can/I may have to stand all the way to Scotland. (10) Should I better/Had I better give you a ring later and see how things are going? Sure. Can I use my mobile phone at college? Yes, don't worry. But (11) you need/you must switch it off during the school day. OK. Can you give me any more advice? Yes. (12) You must/You ought visit the lake near the college. It's beautiful! Paula is emailing Sarah. The numbered words in the box are missing from the text. Put one number only in the text at the right place. (1) able (2) have (3) to (4) should (5) managed (6) needn't (7) ought (8) couldn't (9) had ] 4 I've had a terrible day! I (►)/ have got up early, but I couldn't get out of bed! It was too late to go by bus, so I to get a taxi. Luckily, I to find one quite quickly. Of course, when we arrived outside the office, I didn't have any money, so I pay the driver. Anyway, I was to borrow some from the receptionist. I've paid her back already, but do you think I to give her a present as well? My boss was waiting for me in her office. I should arrived at nine o'clock, and I was half an hour late. I have taken a taxi at all, though! She told me the company was closing, so I had find a new job! Mr and Mrs Buck are deciding what to take with them on holiday. Rewrite the sentences, using the word in brackets (). Mrs Buck: It's not necessary to take the tent, (need) (►) .^.^?.^'^.^?.^.1^.^.^?.t'h?.1'?.r!l';....... We're not going camping again! Mr Buck: The hotels will be full, possibly, (might) (1) The......................................................................................... Mrs Buck: Then it will be necessary to sleep in the car. (have) (2) Then we................................................................................... Mr Buck: Well, I think we've got everything we need. What's in that paper bag? Mrs Buck: I'm sure it's the sun cream we got in Brighton, (must) (3) It............................................................................................. Mr Buck: It wasn't necessary to buy it. (needn't) (4) We .................................................................................... Mrs Buck: Is it a good idea to take it with us this time? (Should) (5) .......................................................................................... Mrs Buck: It's not possible for us to make the sun shine, (can't) (6) We..................................................................................... Mr Buck: The sun's always shining when you're with me, Margaret! Mrs Buck: Are you feeling OK, George? Maybe you should have a rest, (better) (?)........................................................................................... D Michael is about to give a presentation. Use the words in the box to finish it. don't need to / should have / better start / Cafl-yoy / could you pass / got to finish / mustn't forget / might not / should really / Do I need to use '(►jCf^-You.............. hear me at the back of the hall? (1)........................ the microphone? Oh dear, it isn't working! You (2)........................ move to the front if you can. Excuse me, (3)........................ this information around? Thank you. Have I brought enough copies? I haven't? I'm so sorry. Sir, I can see you don't have a seat, but you (4)........................ write anything in my presentation. I'll put everything on my website. I (5)........................ to give you the address at the end. Now, I've (6)...................... thirty minutes, so we'd (7)........................ .I'm sorry, Madam, but you (8)........................ be able to see the screen unless you move forward. Anyway, I (9)........................ started five minutes ago. Right, where are my notes?' Four friends are in a cafe. If the underlined modal verb forms are wrong, correct them. If they are right, put a tick (/). in Tim: John: Phil: Tim: Phil: John: Phil: John: Tim: John: Phil: Lois: John: Is that your phone ringing, John? Yes. It can be {►) rnust be.............. Dave. He said he would ring about now. No, wait a moment, it can't be (►)../.................... Dave. That's not his number. I wonder who it is. You'll have to (1)........................ answer it if you want to know! Who's that by the window, Tim? Is it Alice? It needn't be (2)........................ She's in New York. She must (3)........................ go there on business last Monday. Then it must be (4)........................ her sister or something. That was someone called Louise on the phone. I don't know her... But she should have (5)........................ your number! ... and she says she's in the cafe with us. By the window. Really? Well, she could be (6)........................ the girl who looks like Alice. Shall I (7)........................ speak to her? You don't ought (8)........................ to, because she's coming over now. Hi, John. I'm Alice's cousin. She gave me your number.'" Have a seat. Can I (9)........................ get you a coffee? page 106 • modal verbs modal verbs • page 107 95