6. MODÁLNÍ SLOVESA (1) schopnost: can / be able to he can he is able to může he cannot can't nemůže he was able to mohl he wasn't able to he couldn't nemohl he could mohl by he couldn't nemohl by he'll be able to bude moci he won't be able to nebude moci (2) svolení: may / be allowed to he may, &. he is allowed to smí he mustn't he isn't allowed to nesmí he was allowed to směl he wasn't allowed to nesměl he'll be allowed to bude smět he won't be allowed to nebude smět (3) nutnost: must / need / have to he must has to he's got to he need (& musí he needn't he doesn't have to nemusí he had to musel he didn't have to he didn't need to nemusel he'll have to/need to bude muset he won't have to he won't need to nebude muset (4) předpoklad: shall / be supposed to he shall he is to ma he shall not he shan't nemá he was (supposed) to mel he wasn't (supposed) to neměl he should he ought to mel by he shouldn't he oughtn't to neměl by (5) ochota: will / be going to he will/he's going to chce, bude he will not/won't nechce, nebude he would (rád) by (6) dare he dare odváží se he daren't neodvažuje se 6. SPECIÁLNÍ SLOVESA (pomocná sovesa, Specials) be have can / / may must shall ^ will need let dare oughKp used to základní charakteristika: • sestavují trojčlennou slovesnou frázi: They can come. PODMET ŠPECIÁLNI PLNOVÝZNAMOVÉ SLOVESO SLOVESO • otázku tvoří inverzí: Willyou stay? • zápor přidáním not: / am not in the 4th year. • mají zbytky osobní flexe (be, have) • nebo naopak flexi ztrácejí (ostatní) • mají více významů (Jam a student. lam to go now. They can do it. What do you do?) • jako modalia se pojí s infinitivem s to: be, have, ought, used bez to: can, may, must, shall, will, let, need, dare LBE tvary: be / am / is / are / was / were / been / being zápor: be not / am not / isn't / aren't / wasn't / weren't / haven't been přehled časů: I am /1 am being /1 was /1 have been /1 had been • plnovýznamové "být" - To have or to be. • modálni: závazek ("mám") - / am to finish the thesis till the end of May. • spona "být" - Are you English? We were in Rome last summer. • pomocné (aktuál, pasívum) - What are you doing? He is expected to come later. • metaforické - He is in now. 2. HAVE tvary: have / has / had / having zápor: haven't / hasn't / hadn't přehled časů: I have /1 am having /1 had /1 have had /1 had had • plnovýznamové "mít" - Have you (got) a driver's license? • modálni: nutnost ("muset") -1 have (got) to go. They had to wait a while. • pomocné (pf./plsqpf.) - Have you been in Ireland? He has been expected. 3. CAN (moci) tvary: can / could (ostatní časy opisem s be able to) zápor: cannot (can't) / couldn't • schopnost - Can you speak English? I can. • žádost - Can you give me his number? Could I have your name? • svolení/nesvolení - You can stay as long as you wish. You can't leave now. • podmínka - / could do it if I knew how. 4. MAY (smět / asi) tvary: may / might, zápor: may not / might not • pravděpodobnost ("asi") - We may arrive between five and six p.m. It might rain. • žádost - May I ask you a question? (ost. časy opisem s be allowed to) • svolení/nesvolení - You may not take pictures here, (dtto) 5. MUST (muset / určitě) jediný tvar (ostatní časy opisem s have to) zápor must not (mustn't) = nesmět, protiklad needn't = nemuset • nutnost (morální imperativ) - / must hurry. I mustn't come late. • striktní příkaz - You must leave! • striktní zákaz - We mustn't park here! • určitost ("jistě")- He must have arrived already. 6. SHALL tvary: shall / should (kondicionál) zápor: shall not (shan't) / shouldn't • modální: povinnost - We shall finish this as soon as possible. I should do it. • otázka: návrh ("mám?") - Shall I read it for you? • otázka: váhání - Shall we go or shall we stay? • zákaz, pohrůžka: The dog shan't stay, or else...! 7. WILL I. původně plnovyznamové: "chtít, přát si" (dnes řídce užívané) tvary: will / wills / willed / willing ("být ochoten") užití: He wills that. lam willing. II. modální a pomocné tvary: will / would (kondicionál) zápor: will not (won't) / wouldn't • ochota - / will do it. • futurum - / will come at five. He won't stay so late. • kondicionál ("by") - They would stay if we asked them to. • minulé iterativum 3 .sg. - Grandpa would go for a walk each afternoon. 8. NEED I. plnovyznamové: "potřebovat" tvary: need / needs / needed / needing užití: Everybody needs friends. Do you need the dictionary? Needed - a volunteer for summer camp job. II. modální: jediný tvar, zápor needn't • nutnost, "je třeba/není třeba": I need to see a dentist. Need I bring you there? You needn't mention that. We needn't have gone there. 9. LET /. plnovyznamové: "nechat": tvary: let / lets / letting užití: Don't let the dog run about. Do you always let him run about? Our tutor lets us choose. II. modální a pomocné: jediný tvar, zápor don't let (!) • opisný imperativ - Let me go. Let him go. Let's go. Don't let them go. 10. DARE I. plnovýznamové: "troufat si": tvary: dare / dares / dared / daring Did you dare to say that aloud? He dared to resist. I didn't dare to leave her alone. II modálni: tvary: dare / daren't / dared • idiomatické: I dare say. He daren't say. Dare you say that! He dared me pick that fruit. 11. OUGHT TO jediný tvar, zápor oughtn't to • nutnost, povinnost (mravně závazná): It's late -1 ought to go home. You oughtn't laugh. A counsellor ought to know that. 12. USED TO původ ze slovesa "use" = používat jediný tvar, zápor usedn't to (nebo didn't use to) • minulé iterativum ("bývávalo"): I used to ride a horse before I bought a car. 13. DO /. plnovýznamové: "dělat" tvary: do / does / did / done / doing How do you do? What do you do for a job? What are they doing at the moment? I did a lot of sports when I was young. He doesn't do anything. All is done. II. pomocné: tvary: do / does / did • tvoření otázky a záporu v habituálu a préteritu: Do you speak English? Does he work here? I don't know. CVIČENÍ 1/ modálni slovesa v otázce: can you? / are you able to? / were you able to? / could you? / will you be able to? / may I? / are you allowed to? / were you allowed to? / will you be allowed to? / must you? / have you got to? (do you have to?) / need you? / did you have to? / will you have to? / will you need to? / shall I? / were you (supposed) to? / should I? / ought I to? will you? / are you going to? / would you? / dare you? II/ rozpoznáni a překlad modálních sloves I shall give you a few sentences. I will show you some nuances of modality. Can you tell the difference between the Modal Verbs? It is not very difficult. You have studied the Special Verbs, so you should be able to understand them correctly. All you have to do is to find the Special and decide about its meaning. Then you are about to translate them correctly. Could you write down your translation? It may require some time but exercise will make master. You needn't worry about the quantity. You may divide the chapter in smaller parts and learn them step by step. You've got plenty of time as I am to leave you until after next.