1 l/'^ ■■É ^mmmm ^^K GRAMMAR gm —^ MLT /a L, Present time r----- I Explanations Present simple Present continuous Facts which are always true The present simple is used to describe permanent facts, for example in science and geographical descriptions. The light from the Sun takes 8 mins 20 sees to reach the Earth. The River Po flows into the Adriatic Sea. The present simple is also used for situations that are generally true. J work in an office and live in a flat in the suburbs. Habitual actions The present simple is used to describe habits and routines. A frequency adverb is often used. / usually take the bus to work. Summary of events The present simple can be used to make a summary of the events in a narrative, for example in a film or book. It can also be used for a table of historical events. In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the school dance with him. In 1789 the French Revolution begins. Actions which are in progress now The present continuous is used to describe actions which are temporary and not yet finished. I'm doing the washing-up. The action may be happening right now, or around now. I'm reading one of the Harry Potter books at the moment. Habits during a temporary situation The present continuous can describe a habit that happens over a short period of time. A time expression is necessary. At the moment we're sending all the mail by courier, because the Post Office is on strike. A repeated temporary action The present continuous can describe a single action that is repeated. A time expression is necessary. Whenever I see Tom he's smoking. You're making the same mistake again! In examples like this we are often exaggerating or complaining. This is particularly true when we use always. You're always borrowing money from me! 20 GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT TIME Problems with ■ Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form, because they simple and describe activities which already extend in time. These are called 'state' continuous verbs. be, believe, cost, depend, have, hear, know, matter, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand ■ Some of these verbs can be used in continuous forms with a change of meaning. Tim is being rather difficult at the moment. (behave) I'm having breakfast. (eat) I'm tasting the soup, to check if it needs more salt, (sample) I'm thinking of buying a new car. (consider) ■ In many situations we can use either a simple or continuous form. The simple form is for a permanent situation or general habit, the continuous form is for a temporary situation. / live in London. (it's my permanent home) I'm living in London. (just for a year - my home is in Athens) Do you sleep a lot? (Is it your habit?) Are you sleeping enough? (What is happening at the moment?) 21 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Practice Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence. a) What sort of work do you do/are you doing? b) I can't talk now. I cook/I'm cooking the dinner. c) What shall we have? Do you like/Are you liking fish? d) Can I borrow this typewriter? Or do you use/are you using it? e) What do the people here do/are the people here doing in the evenings? f) Follow that bus. Then you turn/are turning left. g) A lot of people think that the Sun goes/is going around the Earth. h) Excuse me, do you read/are you reading your newspaper? Could I borrow it? i) Do you wait/Are you waiting for the bus to Newcastle? j) Andy builds/is building his own house in the country. Put each verb in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous. a) There's nobody here, and the door's locked. What (we do) ..£4 Jífe.ÄÍĽ now? b) What (you look)......................at? (I wear)......................the wrong clothes? c) I (look after)......................Jack's dog this weekend, (you want)...................... to take it for a walk? d) Who (drive)......................the Mercedes that's parked outside? e) 1 (still have)......................a pain in my leg but it (get)......................better. f) Who (Sue dance)......................with? That's not her brother, is it? g) Harry always (look)......................untidy! He (wear)......................dirty jeans. h) I (write)......................in reply to your advertisement in the Daily News. i) That plant I bought (not grow)......................very much. And I (water) ......................it every day. j) Which hotel (you stay)......................in when you (come)......................here? Decide whether the verb form in italics refers to present or future time. a) Where are you staying on Saturday night? ...JMZH-X&.... b) George retires at the end of next year...................... c) What are we doing when the guests arrive!..................... d) I'm trying really hard to understand this book...................... e) Wait for me here until I get back...................... f) Sue is leaving in the morning...................... g) I'm waiting for the bus...................... h) I'm off now and I'm taking the car...................... i) They're showing a Woody Allen film on Channel 4 tonight...................... j) I'm going for a walk this evening...................... 22 GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT TIME 4 Write each verb in the -ing form, then complete the spelling rules below. write ...##£#$... swim..................... get................. admit..................... annoy..................... begin............ study..................... like..................... try................. decide..................... a) If a word ends in vowel + consonant + -e (write) b) If a word ends in vowel + consonant (swim)...... c) Words which end in -y (try, annoy).................... 5 Rewrite each sentence. Use a verb from the box to replace the words in italics. be cost feel have see omcll taste have think of have a) This flower has a wonderful perfume. .....This fiovJt-r, smtLU. $0M&rfyl, b) I think you are behaving in a very silly way. c) She is expecting a baby in the summer. d) Nancy is considering moving to Scotland. e) Don't go in. They are holding a meeting. f) I am meeting Janet this evening actually. g) Good clothes are becoming more and more expensive. h) I am trying the soup to see if it needs more salt. i) Helen is taking a bath at the moment. j) I think that you would be happier in another job. 23 m FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 6 Put each verb in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous. Dear Aunt Jean, I (1) A^.Í^f.„WjM*B. (just write) to tell you how much I (2)..................................(appreciate) the money you sent me, and to tell you how I (3)..................................(get on) in my first term at university. Actually, I (4)..................................(really enjoy) myself! I (5)..................................(study) quite hard as well, but at the moment I (6)..................................(spend) a lot of time just making friends. I (7)..................................(still stay) with my friend Sue, and I (8)..................................(look for) somewhere of my own to live. Only a few of the first-year students (9)..................................(live) in college here, and I (10)..................................(seem) to be spending a lot of time travelling backwards and forwards. I (11)..................................(go) to lectures every morning, and most afternoons I (12)..................................(study) in the library. In fact I (13)..................................(write) this letter instead of an essay on Hamleti I (14)..................................(think) I'll buy some new clothes with the money you sent. Everything (15)..................................(cost) a lot here, and I (16)..................................(save) to buy a winter coat. It (17)..................................(get) really cold here in the evenings. I now (18)..................................(know) some other students and generally speaking we (19)..................................(have) quite a good time socially! I (20)..................................(also learn) to drive. See you soon. Katherine Key points l The present simple describes facts and habitual actions. The present continuous describes actions which are still in progress at the time of speaking. 2 Many verbs which describe states rather than momentary events can only be used in the simple form. Many verbs describing mental activities (understand, know) are of this kind. 3 Some verbs have both state and event meanings, but the meanings are not the same. 4 When describing a photograph, we usually describe the scene as if it is happening now, and use the present continuous. 5 Present tense forms are also used to refer to future time. See Grammar 3. 6 Where some languages use present tenses, English uses the present perfect. See Grammar 2. - r ----- I've lived in Milan all my life. SEE ALSC Grammar 3: Future time Grammar 5: Consolidation 1 24 1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a) There's a party at Mary's house next week. having Next week.......JiA$Xy'j..\yffl\)A$..M....................................party at her house. b) When you phoned me, it was my lunch time. I When you phoned me............................................................................lunch. c) I started working here three years ago. for I've ..................................................................................................three years. d) Our meeting is tomorrow. a yye.....................................................................................................tomorrow. e) I haven't had a Chinese meal for ages. since It's............................................................................................a Chinese meal. f) David went home before we arrived. had When we .................................................................................................home. g) The arrival time of Helen's flight is 8.00. at Helen's flight .............................................................................................8.00. h) Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play. will By the time we get to the theatre, the play ....................................................... begun, i) Oh no! My wallet is missing. lost Oh no! I ..................................................................................................wallet. j) I've only recently started wearing glasses. wear I............................................................................................................recently. 25